As a result of developments in technology, globalization and digitalization, virtual teams have become indispensable for many industries. Transformations in information and communication technology have provided new opportunities for businesses to create and manage virtual teams. Today, all organizations have had to introduce new methods of communication and have started to continue their conversations through digital platforms. It has become inevitable for teams to form in such virtual environments. Virtual team members are made up of individuals from different genders, experiences, cultures and geographic locations. While there are leaders in virtual teams as in face-to-face environments, this type of leadership performs its function through information and communication technologies, unlike traditional types. Although there are many studies on face-to-face leadership in academic studies and despite the increasing use of digital platforms, it is observed that there is a need for studies on leadership styles in virtual organizations. The main purpose of this study is to create a scale about leadership characteristics in virtual teams. With the present study, it is aimed to develop a valid and reliable scale in order to discover and analyze the virtual team leadership characteristics of individuals within the multinational companies. During the scale development process, literature review, focus group interviews and statistical analysis were used to create the items to be included in the scale. First of all, focus group discussions were conducted by examining the scale developments on the leadership phenomenon. A total of three focus group interviews were held; expert opinions were used to ensure the content validity of the results, and a draft scale with 29 items was created as a result.

The concept of leadership, which is the subject of many academic studies, is accepted as a phenomenon which is also emphasized in social sciences. With globalization and rapid and continuous development in the field of communication technologies, it has caused radical changes in many subjects from economy to politics, from organizational structures to management approach. In this study, firstly, the definition of the concept of leadership was made. Then, the scale studies in the literature related to the subject of leadership are included. Leadership theories, postmodern leadership types, and common leadership types are explained. With the research, the concept of leadership, which still does not have a clear definition in the literature and is changing day by day, has been extensively studied. The aim of the study is to contribute to the academic literature about the concept of leadership. Moreover, the study also aims to clarify the increasing importance of leadership in managing post-pandemic crises.

No abstract

Otomotiv sektörü; ekonomiye olan katkıları sebebiyle, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Mevcut çalışmada otomobil satışları ile; döviz kuru, taşıt kredisi faiz oranları ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin açıklanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda 2011:1 – 2022:6 dönemi verileri zaman serisi yöntemleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Mevcut araştırmada birim kök sınaması ve nedenselliği test etmek adına Fourier ADF ve Fourier nedensellik yöntemlerinden faydalanılmıştır. Fourier ADF testi sonucunda; döviz kuru ve faiz oranı değerlerinin seviye düzeyinde birim kök içermediği ve anlamlı sonuçlar çıktığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Otomobil satışları ve ekonomik büyüme verilerinin ise birinci fark alındıktan sonra durağan hale geldikleri görülmüştür. Fourier Granger nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre otomobil satışları ile ekonomik büyüme ve otomobil satışları ile faiz oranı arasında tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre otomobil satışlarında ekonomik büyüme ve taşıt kredisi faiz oranına doğru bir nedensellik ilişkisinin söz konusu olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Test sonuçları dikkate alındığında otomobil satışları ile faiz oranı arasında herhangi bir ilişkiye rastlanmamıştır. Elde edilen veriler ışığında otomobil satışlarının ekonomik büyüme ve taşıt kredisi faiz oranları üzerinde etkili olduğu fakat döviz kuru üzerinde herhangi bir etkisinin olmadığı söylenebilir.

Although multinational companies are both a cause and a result of economic globalization, it is also a driving force that enables economic globalization to expand its sphere of influence around the world. Today, international relations require not only states but also the existence of non-state actors to be taken into account. Multinational companies have increased both their numbers and activities with globalization. The increasing role of multinational companies has begun to be limited not only to economic activities. They can take on a function of shaping the policies of underdeveloped nation states. In this study, the definition, characteristics, and historical development of multinational companies are explained. Then, the organizational structure of these companies is mentioned. The place of multinational companies in the world and in Turkey is explained and the study is concluded. The concept of a multinational company has been examined with the research. The aim of the study is to explain the concept of multinational companies in a broad perspective.