No abstract

The solid-state interaction between Ni and Cu in an Ni/Sn/Cu diffusion couple, which served as a representative of the BGA solder joints of the Ni/Au finished component and the OSP finished board, was investigated during isothermal aging at 200 for aging times of up to 100 h. The Ni/Sn/Cu diffusion couple was prepared by sequentially depositing Sn (60 µm) and Ni (2 or 4 µm) on a Cu plate using the electroplating method. During the solid-state aging process, two distinct layers composed of (Cu 1-x Ni x ) 6 Sn 5 and (Cu 1-y Ni y ) 6 Sn 5 , respectively, which differed in their Ni concentrations, were formed at the Ni/Sn interface, and the ternary IMC grew rapidly by incorporating the Cu originating from the Cu plate. However, no detectable Ni diffusion occurred across the Sn layer. The results of this study show that the dominant Cu source for the solid-state growth of the ternary IMC at the Ni/Au finished component side in the BGA solder joints was the Cu bonding pad of the PCB, rather than the Cu dissolved into the solder during the reflow process.

Asthma is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the lung worldwide. There has been considerable progress in recent studies to treat and prevent allergic asthma, however, various side effects are still observed in clinical practice. Six-week-old male BALB/c mice were orally administered with either sword bean pod extracts (SBP; 100 or 300 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (DEX; 5 mg/kg) once daily over 3 weeks, followed by ovalbumin sensitization (OVA/Alum.; intraperitoneal administration, 50 μg/2 mg/per mouse). Scoring of lung inflammation was performed to observe pathological changes in response to SBP treatment compared to OVA/Alum.-induced lung injury. Additionally, inflammatory cytokines were quantified in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissue using ELISA and Western blot analyses. SBP treatment significantly reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells, and release of histamine, immunoglobulin E, and leukotriene in serum and BALF. Moreover, the therapeutic effect of SBP was also assessed to analyze the inflammatory changes in the lung tissues. SBP markedly suppressed the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway and the expression of key inflammatory proteins (e.g., TNF-α) and Th2 type cytokines (IL-5 and IL-13). SBP was effective in ameliorating the allergic inflammation against OVA/Alum.-induced asthma by suppressing pulmonary inflammation.