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As a result of the characteristics of biomass, biomass exploitation as a secondary fuel feedstock in co-firing is only technically and economically acceptable in the range of 5−10% (w/w). In this study, torrefaction and solvent extraction as biomass pretreatments were conducted to address feedstock limitations, making a larger share of biomass for co-firing feasible. The physical and chemical characteristics of the solvent-extracted biomass were investigated using proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Biomass torrefied at 200, 250, 270, 300, and 330 °C was extracted by nonpolar organic solvent 1-methylnaphthalene at 350 °C for 1 h to produce ash-less biomass (extracted biomass). A dry, raw, woody biomass was also extracted under the same conditions to see the effect of torrefaction on the characteristics of extracted biomass and residue biomass. The result shows that solvent extraction was effective in producing ashless biomass, with less than 0.1 wt % (dry basis) ash content remaining in the extracted fraction. It was also found that the torrefaction temperature had an effect on the extracted biomass yield and slightly influenced the physical and chemical properties of the extracted biomass. The unique properties of the extracted biomass make it possible to use for other purposes, namely, as high-value functional materials.

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With the development of Internet technology, the mobile shopping market is being activated. Compared to the rapidly growing market situation, there is a limit in that consumers cannot directly check the product until they receive it. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of information quality that affect perceived usefulness, perceived ease, and customer loyalty of mobile shopping mall companies. The study subjects were consumers who use mobile shopping malls, and SPSS 23.0 and Smart PLS 3.0 were used for statistical analysis. The results of the study are as follows. First, accuracy had a significant effect on perceived usefulness. Second, enjoyment had a significant effect on perceived usefulness. Third, reliability had a significant effect on perceived usefulness. Fourth, diversity had a significant effect on perceived usefulness. Fifth, accuracy had a significant effect on perceived ease of use. Sixth, enjoyment had a significant effect on perceived ease of use. Seventh, reliability had a significant effect on perceived ease of use. Eighth, diversity had a significant effect on perceived ease of use. Ninth, perceived usefulness had a significant effect on customer loyalty. Tenth, perceived ease of use had a significant effect on customer loyalty. Through this study, it was confirmed that customers' loyalty increases when they can easily access accurate and diverse information.

With the development of information devices, verbal violence has been raised as an important social problem. Such verbal violence is a phenomenon that appears evenly throughout society. Verbal violence also occurs to bank counselors who have a professional self-concept. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the experience of verbal violence in the counseling process of banking business and the effect on occupational self-concept. Verbal violence is classified into violence between people who are related to them and those they do not know. In the case of bank counseling, it is verbal violence against an unrelated person, and it is a situation of spontaneous violence between the perpetrator and the victim during various counseling processes. In recent years, there are many cases in which bank counseling uses violence against others in the course of counseling through cyberspace and various media. Personal attacks in the counseling process tend to be neglected because the content is unclear, but the damage continues to increase. The factors that determine the experience of verbal violence are the experience of verbal violence, the experience of violence victimization, and the attitude toward violence. The data collected through the survey were analyzed with Smart PLS 3.0 using structural equations. A summary of the study follows. First, the violent experience had a significant effect on psychological fatigue. Second, it was found that the experience of violence had a significant effect on psychological fatigue. Third, the attitude toward verbal violence was found to have a significant effect on psychological fatigue. Fourth, psychological exhaustion was found to have a significant effect on occupational self-concept. In order to solve the problem of professional self-concept of bank counselors, various differentiation efforts are needed.