Globalization notion is encountered not only economically, but also politically, culturally, technologically and ecologically. Environmental problems seen national at first glance can cause regional and subsequently global problems. Climate changes create regional, social and economic problems in terms of effects thereof. Many factors such as continuation of rapid population growth, proliferation of water problems, increase of global warming and irrevocable habits of countries can lead to world pollution and impairment of environment. Industrialization, population growth and excessive consumption tendency on the one hand and need for balanced use of natural sources such that energy can meet needs of future generations on the other hand has rendered “environment” and “development” subjects substitute for each other. While increase of welfare and happiness of people are aimed with economic development, socio-economical costs caused by global climate change threaten this welfare cycle. A variety of sources extinct due to global warming and some of them cannot be effectively used in a desirable level. This situation prevents economic productivity. Global climate change problem should be reevaluated with not only conventional sustainable development approach but also in a global plane containing new political ecology notions such as “environmental justice” and “climate justice”. For this purpose, each of us has a role to play and also, novel law and policies are required that will lead global-scale solutions. In this study, relationship between global climate change and sustainable development approach will be handled within the scope of a new tendency.

Globalization has allowed a number of countries to make important progresses that would contribute to economy in areas like industry and information technologies. Developed economies have obtained a cost advantage and increased both product potential and economic progress by means of advanced technologies. Developing economies, on the other hand, are required to determine the sectors to invest in order to progress. Regarding progress, it is primarily required to evaluate the tourism supply potential of countries. The tourism sector in Turkey has made a great progress for nearly more than 30 years and tourism has had positive effects upon economy. Foreign currency inflow of the country has increased the investment, revenue and employment and positively affected the balance of payments. Taking necessary precautions for Turkey to get more share from the international tourism revenue will also increase the social welfare. In this study, the place and importance of the tourism sector in economy are evaluated with the help of data. These data consist of the number of foreign tourists that come to Turkey for touristic reasons, acquired tourism revenue, touristic expenditure rates, share of tourism in the Gross National Product, as well as its effects upon the national income and share in foreign trade. Interpreting the reasons and outcomes of the recent decrease in tourism revenues in our country; it has been concluded that Turkey is in a serious need of tourism revenues and it is required to urgently intervene in this matter.

The concept of development has been interpreted in different ways from past to present. This concept was discussed previously on economic, social and cultural aspects; but now it has transformed into concepts like human capital, education, health, innovation, technological development and poverty. A country needs producing for development, and it is necessary to increase efficiency for obtaining profits from this production. At this point the inclination to R&D and innovation is increasing. Today, it is experiencing the transition of a new era. This process can be distinguished by technological change resulted from knowledge creation, innovation and R&D. In addition to the production factors, knowledge and technology have become indispensable where the importance is increasing. R&D and innovation are seen as factors which are increasing economic growth, prosperity and quality of life and which provide competitiveness and productivity growth between countries. In this study, R&D and innovation activities are evaluated and their importance are highlighted in the issue of development for emerging markets. The increasing R&D and innovation projects provided that resources are using more effectively and efficiently by contributing to the development of emerging markets. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of R&D and innovation on development by considering sample emerging markets economies and to make the attention of the scientific community focus on these issues.

There are many different ways for the development of a country. Some countries are enriched with intensive industries and some with natural resources. Countries should have creative forces and ideas to develop besides the natural resources and hardware. With the globalized world order, countries will be able to develop depending on R & D and innovation. In recent years, the necessity of research and development and innovation has been emphasized and accordingly, the importance of conceptions of learning, research, creativity and innovation has increased for realization of the development. Today with accelerated globalization, both companies and countries have been forced to adopt policies based on technological innovation and provided information and competitive advantage to adapt to change. As a result of policies of the country, the increase in innovation performance has contributed to the development. Information, technology and learning processes have been effective in improving their innovation performance. In this study, Turkey's regional R & D and innovation activities are evaluated and the importance of innovation and research and development activities for development are highlighted. Consequently, R & D and innovation projects contribute to the improvement and development of Turkey, thereby enabling effective and efficient use of sources. The results demonstrate that there is an increase in R & D and innovation activities, but not sufficiently in recent years in Turkey and in this regard there should be more steps for public and private sectors.