The training manual is developed in full accordance with the training program for doctors - dentists. The manual presents classifications of the types of root canal structure, features morphology of root canals in various groups of teeth, principles of creating endodontic access, classification of tools for creating access and principles of their use. The presentation form and numerous illustrations make this publication informative and useful in clinical practice. This manual is intended to provide methodological assistance to students of the Faculty of Dentistry, residents and practicing dentists.

The manual is intended for students of the Faculty of Dentistry, residents, practicing dentists of various specialties. Dedicated to current issues of laser dentistry. Developed taking into account world scientific and clinical practice, experimental, laboratory and clinical data obtained by the authors. This manual presents materials relating to modern ideas about the use of laser technology in dentistry, highlights modern methods of diagnosis and treatment, clinical cases are given.

Subject. The subject of this research is the dental health status and related diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis. Objective. The objective of this research is to determine specific characteristics of defeat teeth and periodontal tissues, as well the clinical course of periodontitis in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis. Methodology. In a clinical examination of elderly women (aged 55–65) with periodontal inflammation and during their follow-ups at the stage of supporting therapy, three groups were formed (each with 20 subjects). The first group consisted of patients with Type II diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis; the second group consisted of osteoporotic patients; the third (reference) group consisted of patients who were the same age and considered themselves practically healthy at case control studies with follow-ups and periodontal inflammation in remission. Results and discussion. DMFT index was 19.6 ± 2.35 for the patients in the first group, 1.31 times lower for the patients in the second group and 1.38 times lower for the patients in the third group. Russel’s periodontal index was 3.5 ± 0.8 in the first group, 1.46 times lower in the second group and 1.84 lower in the third group. Conclusion. The research found the direct correlation between defeat teeth and more aggressive periodontitis in the patients with Type II diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis. Specific characteristics of defeat teeth are determined by higher Green-Vermillion oral hygiene indices, higher caries intensity with specific prevalence of “D” in both DMFT and DMFS indices. Increasing saliva viscosity decreases patient adaptation and adversely impacts on the organs of the oral cavity in the group of women with Type II diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis.

Subject. The role of vitamin D in maintaining oral health. Objectives. To review literature on the role of vitamin D in maintaining oral health. Methodology. This literature review is based on analysis of published research reports on effects of vitamin D on oral health. Using key words, research studies published in the past five years with the most comprehensive explanations of the role of vitamin D and its metabolites in the body are selected on such e-resources as PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, Elibrary, Cyberleninka. The data on secosteroid epidemiology, synthesis, metabolism, physiological effects, local effects on immune function and specific symptoms in various somatic disorders are systemized. Conclusion. Epidemiological and genetic studies confirm biological effects of vitamin D active metabolites involved in synthesis of proteins required to form oral mucosal stability and prevent pathogen penetration into subjacent tissues. The most significant is involvement of vitamin D in synthesis of antibacterial monocyte and macrophage-directed peptides ensuring reduction of risks of alveolar resorption and subsequent tooth loss. Modern concepts in this secosteroid refer to the new evidence showing availability of vitamin D activating ferment in tissues which supports intracellular or paracrine function of vitamin D out of the skeleton. The personified approach for vitamin D application as a therapeutic drug for treatment of periodontium inflammations and oral mucosa with preliminary testing of levels in blood serum will allow to develop effective approaches to maintaining people’s oral health.

Subject. Physical-chemical characteristics of the toothpaste Dentaswiss Extra Whitening and structural and optical parameters of mixed saliva before and after volunteer brushing. Objectives. To evaluate physical-chemical characteristics of the new therapeutic and prophylactic toothpaste Dentaswiss Extra Whitening together with changes in structural and optical parameters of the effected mixed saliva. Methodology. The composition and properties of the new therapeutic and prophylactic toothpaste Dentaswiss Extra Whitening are studied based on the results of physical and chemical analysis of three aqueous solutions (prepared with different concentrations) by measuring pH value, calcium ion concentration, electrical conductivity and surface tension. The study involved 32 student volunteers of both sexes (men — 11, women — 21) from the Ural State Medical University Faculty of Dentistry between the ages of 21 to 23 who were comprehensively examined including structural and optical parameters of mixed saliva before and after brushing. Results. The average pH value is 7.91±0.01, the increased calcium ion (Са2+) level is found up to 2.25 mmol/l in all three aqueous suspensions (р≤0.05). Electrical conductivity of suspensions is found to be increased and surface tension is found to be reduced uniformly with the increase in mass fraction (р≤0.05). Conclusion. The study of physical-chemical characteristics of the toothpaste Dentaswiss Extra showed positive changes in pH values, electrical conductivity and surface tension promoting the increased remineralizing properties of mixed saliva (р≤0.05).