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The sulfate reducing bacterium, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans NCIMB 8372, was cultured in a 1-L biochemical reactor. The reactor was operated in a sequential batch mode and the results of four sequential runs are presented (the first run was a recently inoculated reactor).Results fall within the range of published results, reaching sulfate reduction rates up to 2764.8 mgillday. The bacteria attached to the reactor walls and a method was proposed to evaluate the magnitude of the adhered cells fraction, which resulted in a value of 1.2-3.0 . lo6 cells/cm2, a value that correlated well with cells counted in scanning microscope photographs taken from a tube in the reactor. 0 1993 John Wiley and Sons.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the various areas of intervention of Living Labs in several countries to determine the orientation of their actions. This case study compared the various Living Labs found in Latin America, Europe, Asia and Africa was performed by analysis of secondary information available on the websites of the diverse Living Labs analyzed. It proceeded to concentrate the information found in two tables: one that brings together those dedicated to ICTs and the other focused on social issues and problems, and that is precisely most Latin American, Asians and African Living Labs. This geographical (or geopolitics) differentiation shows how this innovative co-creation methodology has adapted effectively to social realities ruled by inequality, poverty and / or where problems requiring innovative approaches when the search for collective solutions is necessary.

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