Transforming waste material into a value-added product has been a challenge in several aspects, legal, academic, economic, and environmental. Tucumã is a fruit widely consumed by the people of the Amazon region, offering this alternative for using the waste generated by it is to provide a source of income for tucumã producers in the northern region of Brazil. To obtain results on yields and reactions that transform tucumã waste into biodiesel, first the seed oil was extracted by decoction, followed by conjugated process. The thermal cracking reaction, produced smaller chains than the raw material, followed by the esterification reaction applying heterogeneous catalysis using aluminum oxide. These processes transform the tucumã waste into esters similar to biodiesel compounds, the products were characterized by techniques such as gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GCMS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), achieving a yield in the conversion of tucumã seed oil into methyl esters (biodiesel), above 90%, in addition, we reached specific mass parameters of 863 Kg/m3 and viscosity of 4.3 mm2/s, data that allow us to affirm that the application of conjugated reactions of this material as fuel meets the product specifications, providing added value. The data generated in this work will make it possible to open space for the studies of these processes on a pilot scale, which will enable local energy autonomy regarding the use of biodiesel.
Endophytic fungi (EF) have a notable capacity to produce active molecules of industrial importance, such as hydrolytic enzymes. In this study we investigated the production of lipase by EFs isolated from the Amazonian species Aniba canelilla (Lauraceae), characterized the enzymatic extract obtained from the most promising fungus, and applied the lipolytic extract as a biocatalyst in the transesterification reaction for biodiesel production. The fungi were submitted to enzymatic screening in solid medium and in submerged fermentation to assess their lipase production. A total of 292 fungi were tested in solid media. Lipolytic activity was detected in 74% of the fungi cultivated in liquid media, 18 of which showing promising enzymatic production. The best lipase producer, Endomelanconiopsis endophytica QAT_7AC, was identified by sequencing of the ITS region. After adjusting the bioprocess conditions, E. endophytica QAT_7AC produced 2,415.5 U/mL of lipase after 72 h. The enzymatic extract showed higher lipolytic activity under pH 8.0 and 40 oC. The extract was applied as a biocatalyst in a transesterification reaction performed at 40 oC, with ethanol and waste cooking oil (3:1). The biodiesel yield was found to be 87% after 2 h rection when the fungal enzyme was used and 89% with the commercial biocatalyst. The endophytic fungi isolated from A. canelilla proved themselves to be biotechnologically relevant, as they can be explored as potential producers of lipases. The lipolytic extract can be applied in the synthesis of biodiesel using waste cooking oil.
O desenvolvimento econômico do estado do Amazonas teve o seu processo histórico caracterizado por uma economia baseada em ciclos econômicos, que se iniciou com a extração da borracha natural, até a criação do modelo do Polo Industrial de Manaus – PIM que permanece como a mais importante atividade econômica desenvolvida no estado, expondo a necessidade da diversificação da sua economia. Diante disso, o objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar a situação atual de algumas atividades econômicas, nas diferentes sub-regiões do Amazonas, identificando suas vocações regionais, os entraves que dificultam seu desenvolvimento e suas possíveis soluções que possibilitem o desenvolvimento sustentável do estado do Amazonas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de classificação teórico empírico, com natureza tanto qualitativa quanto quantitativa em um nível de pesquisa descritiva. O desenvolvimento de outras matrizes econômicas como os setores de agricultura familiar, aquicultura, manejo florestal, turismo, crédito de carbono, implementação do Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico (ZEE), polo de fertilizantes e o monitoramento dos recursos hídricos, incentiva o crescimento econômico do estado promovendo a elevação do PIB e a economia de cada município, possibilitando o incremento da produção interna e o desenvolvimento local. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento desses novos potenciais econômicos demanda tempo e recursos e dependem da vontade política. Logo, a criação de um plano governamental que vise o desenvolvimento do estado do Amazonas se mostra neste momento, emergencial com ações e serviços voltados para o desenvolvimento sustentável.
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