No abstract

The purpose to highlight and focus on the most important risks of forest fires in radiationcontaminated areas, with some detailing of the problem in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ). The search strategy was to collect a sufficient number of relevant publications in ScienceDirect, PubMed, Mendeley, ResearchGate, GoogleScholar from 2006 to the present in English, Russian, Ukrainian. Requests were made on the topics "Forest fires in a radioactively contaminated area" and "Assessing the territories' radiation safety", as well as for the keywords of this study. Analysis of available open information about the CEZ was done. Although, in the future, temperatures are expected to rise in contaminated forests, and the amount of precipitation will remain the same or slightly decrease, which will contribute to an increase in the frequency of fires. Considering the socio-economic situation in Ukraine, the introduction of early detection systems is more profitable than the elimination of the consequences of such emergencies. Investigations have been studied, which were published after 2006 only in English, Russian, and Ukrainian. The most attention is paid to Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. Despite the fact that a lot of studies are devoted to the study of the ecological situation in radioactively contaminated areas, many issues related to safety still concern the population living in this area. The reason for this is intermittent fires, which again and again cover large areas with smoke and cannot be extinguished for a long time. To eliminate anxiety, it is necessary to convey truthful information to the population in the most accessible and convincing way. It was a critical look at numerous studies in this area that made it possible to present concentrated information understandable for most segments of the population. The document concentrates on the most key problems of fires in radioactive forests, shows the intensity of the radionuclides impact on the population and the exposure ways, as well as the probable risks. Such information is necessary to reduce the psychological stress that can be caused by the media influence. Objectively understood situation promotes constructive action in extreme conditions and reduces the likelihood of panic.

The paper considers the transition from traditional methods and systems for determining the standard and limit states of potentially dangerous objects by criteria of strength, resource and reliability to new perspective methods for assessing the risks of managing them. The conditions for ensuring the complex safety and security of the equipment and high-risk structures by the criteria of acceptable and managed risks are determined. It is established that the level of risk for assessing the safety status of a potentially dangerous object is defined as a probabilistic measure of the occurrence of man-made or natural phenomena, which are accompanied by the formation and action of harmful factors, as well as inflicted social, environmental, economic and other kinds of losses.

Malir River which is the major seasonal river of Karachi once supported the market gardening practiced in Karachi. Its valleys and plains, once comprises the cultivated lands of vegetables and fruits that fulfilled the local market demand. But with a shift in rainfall characteristics, the cultivation also started to recede slowly as many of the crops could not withstand the prolonged drought conditions and farmers were not ready to take the risks and hence abandoned cultivation. Hence, changing climate gives way to the industrialization of rapidly growing urban center which in turn inducing desertification. Since the cultivated land which is supplied with water also is helpful in evapo-transpiration leading to precipitation by taking part in the water cycle. But the whole process was disrupted by the abolition of agricultural activity in the area. The study gives a GIS (Geographical Information Sciences) perspective of Land Use/Land Cover of the southern part of Malir plain near its mouth – the Korangi and Landhi Area which were also the active flood plains of Malir during 1960s. Since the huge urbanization and population growth has led to water scarcity in the area due to the reduction of underground aquifers and the reduction of agriculture, high research efficiency can be achieved using satellite imagery and GIS.

MANAGEMENT OF FIRE AND DISASTER RISK FACTORS У статті проаналізовано вітчизняних та іноземних вчених у галузі державного управління по забезпеченню попередження надзвичайних ситуацій техногенного та природного характеру. Розглянуто питання впровадження в Україні системи забезпечення пожежної та техногенної безпеки суб'єктів господарювання на основі оцінки ризику виникнення надзвичайних ситуацій техногенного та природного характеру. Наведено нормативно-правові акти, якими регламентуються вимоги щодо оцінки ризиків виникнення НС. Розглянуто головні принципи цивільного захисту щодо створення системи раціональної превентивної безпеки. Розглянуто рівні ризику виникнення надзвичайних ситуацій техногенного та природного характеру. Наголошено важливість питання проведення детального пожежно-технічного обстеження об'єкту, перевірки стану обладнання та рівня професійної підготовки персоналу. Проаналізовано методики, що застосовуються при оцінці ризику в Європейському Союзі та США. Наведено головний принцип переходу до новітньої системи управління ризиками у сфері пожежної та техногенної безпеки.