Рассматриваются институциональные условия и возможности построения карьеры женщинами в органах государственного управления Республики Казахстан. Описываются созданные правительством программы, стратегии и законодательные условия для участия казахстанских женщин в политике. На основе анализа 15 полуструктурированных интервью с молодыми женщинами, имеющими опыт работы на государственной службе, выявлены основные проблемы их профессиональной деятельности. Определяются сценарии выбора женщинами государственной службы, анализируются их представления о специфике работы в органах государственной власти, механизмах формирования карьерных стратегий. В процессе исследования выявлены четыре сценария прихода женщин на казахстанскую государственную службу: «целенаправленный», «случайный», «семейный» и «перспективный». Согласно первому сценарию женщина целенаправленно выбирает государственную службу как сферу, имеющую определенные преимущества. Второй сценарий включает фактор случайности. Третий связан с семейной традицией работать на государственной службе. Выбор четвертого сценария обусловлен представлениями о престижности этой работы. Данные сценарии не всегда реализуются в чистом виде, иногда они пересекаются в жизненной биографии одного человека. Описываются четыре объяснительные модели слабой представленности женщин в казахстанских органах государственной власти: патриархатная, стереотипная, эссенциалистская и ментальная. Характеризуются дифференциальные признаки каждой из приведенных моделей.

The article reveals the essence of personality of one of the greatest creators of cultural creation, the founder of the ancient religious system Zarathustra and reveals significance of his ideas in the culture of mankind. The purpose of the study: to show the place of Zarathustra in history and culture, his influence on the development of mankind and formation of world religions. His teaching is one of the oldest examples of deep thinking and wisdom. The teachings of Zarathustra were formed on the basis of the spiritual values of the ancient nomadic civilization, on the basis of legends and epics of the ancient steppe nomadic society. This can be traced in the writings of the Avesta (Gat). Zarathustra sought to enrich society with new values, but his teaching was not recognized by society. Not finding support in their own environment, the teachings of Zarathustra spread throughout the world through Afghanistan, Iran and other countries. His religious, ethical, philosophical and other spiritual values became one of the sources of steppe wisdom. The spiritual values of Zarathustra enrich world culture with the wise melodies of the steppes, and his steppe hymns had a profound influence on the formation of the worldview of Greek and other ancient thinkers. The wisdom of Zarathustra is reflected in the works of F. Nietzsche (“Thus Said Zarathustra”) and others.

This paper presents the results of a study of the phenomenon of female migration from abroad to the IS and their return. This phenomenon emerges because the organization and female recruits had to satisfy each other’s needs. A theoretical model that allows to track the formation of values ​​and needs of female IS recruits has been developed. This model reflects the connections between various factors and their cumulative influence on the formation of values ​​and needs of female recruits. The feasibility of using value-oriented and systems approaches in the study is determined by the specifics of Islamic radical groups, including the IS, as self-regulating systems with significant potential for mobilization and mobility, as well as the division and restoration of functional structures. Also, the characteristic features of female migration to the IS were identified in conjunction with a system of binary oppositions that form the habitus of radical monotheism. The article contains the results of comprehensive content analysis of 189 texts presented on Russian-language online resources and devoted to the propaganda, recruitment and migration of female IS recruits. The geography of the study includes 25 states from 5 regions (Central Asia, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Europe and separately the Western Balkans). We have analyzed 167 articles related to the IS and similar groups (2013-2020), and 22 articles connected to terrorist groups (2003-2012). Out of these, 56 articles contain interview excerpts and complete interviews with IS volunteer recruits, both male and female, as well as with their family members and officials. The results of the study allowed to determine the relationship between the values ​​and needs of female recruits and the organization itself, as well as between military and political processes and the formation of images of a passionary and victimized woman in the IS. The periods of distribution of these images coincide with two differently directed waves of migration of female recruits: to the ranks of the organization (2013-2016) and back (2016-the present time). The first wave of migration satisfied the organization’s need to increase the number of highly motivated members, and the second one meets the need to preserve and relocate the IS contingent to other regions. This work highlights the previously unexplored aspects of the migration of female IS recruits. The results of the study can be applied in planning and improving the activities of state and civil structures aimed at re-ideologizing and rehabilitating the returning female IS recruits.

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This material was prepared within the framework of the VII Congress of Sociologists of Kazakhstan, dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and is a report of the authors at this event. From the very beginning of gaining Independence, sociological research in Kazakhstan has been integrated into the system of public administration and has been an important tool for policy-making taking into account the needs and needs of the population, ensuring timely and reliable feedback between the authorities and citizens.