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Recent studies consider public R&D spending that affects abatement knowledge and endogenous growth, distortionary taxes that affect physical and human capital formation, pollution taxes that affect environmental degradation, and regeneration that restores natural capital. Our model combines all of those elements. We show how the combination affects results from each prior model, focusing on two parameters that represent the need for distorting taxes, and the productivity of abatement knowledge relative to pollution. First, either of these two extensions can reverse the prior finding that pollution tax revenue is more than enough to pay for public abatement R&D. Second, tax distortions and externalities substantially alter prior findings that the ratio of public to private capital is based only on output elasticities. Third, our dynamic model affects prior static findings about how other public spending "crowds out" provision of the environmental public good. Fourth, we show whether a greater need for public spending leads to greater increases in the distorting tax or pollution tax. Fifth, while prior research is optimistic that environmental regulation can boost economic growth, we show how it may increase or decrease the growth rate even if it raises welfare.

정문희․제도흥․한석태․김승래Moon-Hee Chung․Do-Heung Je․Seog-Tae Han․Seung-Rae Kim 요 약 AbstractA 90-deg phase shifter using corrugated square waveguide structure for 86 GHz band VLBI(Very Long Baseline Interferometry) dual-circular polarization observation has been developed. The 90-deg phase shifter was designed to have two corrugated walls inside the square waveguide so that the vertically and horizontally polarized waves at the output port have phase differences of 90±3.3 deg across 85～115 GHz. Measurements show that the return and insertion losses for the both polarizations are better than 17 dB and 0.25 dB, respectively. The axial ratio is estimated to be less than 0.6 dB within the required frequency band.

Recent studies find that environmental taxes typically exacerbate pre-existing tax distortions and, therefore, the optimal pollution tax should lie below the Pigouvian level (social marginal damages). This paper analyzes a general equilibrium model with non-separable preferences and technology, relatively rare assumptions in this literature, and finds that the second-best optimal pollution tax can be above or below the first-best Pigouvian level. Surprisingly, the ordering of the two does not depend on the degree of pre-existing tax distortion. Moreover, it depends not just on the difference between the two goods' cross-price elasticities with leisure, but on that difference compared to the elasticity of demand for the polluting intermediate input. Finally, the paper shows that under plausible parameter conditions, a greater pre-existing tax distortion can increase the optimal level of environmental regulation.

A 90-deg differential phase shifter using corrugated square waveguide structure has been developed for 86 GHz band VLBI dual-circular polarization observation. The 90-deg phase shifter was designed to have two corrugated walls inside the square waveguide so that the vertically and horizontally polarized waves at the output port have phase differences of 90 ± 3.3 degrees across 85~115 GHz band. Measurements show that the return and insertion losses for both polarizations are better than 17 dB and ~0.2 dB, respectively. The axial ratio is estimated to be less than 0.6 dB within the required frequency band.