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Chars and activated carbons were produced from raw, HCl-washed, and HCl/HF-washed Elbistan lignites at 700 °C, 800 °C, 900 °C, and 1000 °C. The pyrolysis and activation reactions increased the BET areas (m 2 /g carbon) of the acid-washed samples almost 10-fold. The increase of the BET areas (m 2 /g carbon) by increasing the temperature of pyrolysis or activation from 700 °C to 1000 °C was explained with the burn-out of carbon which led to the development of porosity. The values of the stacking heights, L c of HCl/HF-washed samples seemed to increase from 1.0 nm to 1.5 nm, the average number of graphene sheets increased from 2.8 to 4.4, and the lateral size of the crystallites, L a , increased very faintly from 5.0 nm to 5.5 nm when the pyrolysis temperature was increased from 700 °C to 1000 °C. Activation reactions performed at the same temperature range did not change the stacking heights. The values of L c for activated HCl/HFwashed samples stayed almost constant in the same range as for the carbonized samples within 1.0-1.5 nm. This indicated that oxidative reactions during activation did not alter the stacking heights of the crystallites significantly in the temperature range of 700-1000 °C. The results presented in the present work can be considered as indications for the development of turbostratic (fully disordered) structures in the temperature range of 700-1000 °C.

The purpose of this study was to synthesize imidazo[2,1b]thiazole derivatives, characterize them with spectroscopical techniques and investigate for cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on glioma C6 cancer cell line. The in vitro anticancer activities were also investigated against focal adhesion kinase. Most of the compounds, particularly the derivatives carrying 3-oxo-1-tiya-4-azaspiro[4.5]decane moiety, exhibited higher or comparable activities in comparison with the reference drug, cisplatin. Compounds with methyl, propyl, phenyl moieties at the eighth and second position of the spirothiazolidinone ring showed high FAK inhibitory activities. In addition, molecular docking studies shed light on the binding modes of the synthesized compounds. The critical interactions with amino acid residues located in the active site were revealed.The results obtained from both biological assay data and computational results might provide insight into developing new inhibitors against focal adhesion kinase.

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Occupational asthma induced by inhalation and ingestion of garlic. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1982;69:448±454. 2. ANIBARRO B, FONTELA JL, DE LA HOZ F. Occupational asthma induced by garlic dust. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;100:734±738. 3. IGEA JM, FERNA Â NDEZ M, QUIRCE S, DE LA HOZ B, DI Â EZ GO Â MEZ ML. Green bean hypersensitivity: an occupational allergy in a homemaker. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994;94:33±35. 4. LO Â PEZ-RUBIO A, RODRI Â GUEZ J, CRESPO JF, VIVES R, DAROCA P, REANO M. Occupational asthma caused by exposure to asparagus: detection of allergens by immunoblotting. Allergy 1998;53:1216±1220.