Turkey was westernized after the declaration of The Tanzimat Charter in 1839. The modernization of Ottoman Empire inevitably brought changes into the administrative, socio-economic and spatial organization of the cities as well as in the lifestyles of urban dwellers. Urbanization and economic, cultural and social modernization processes created new buildings and establishments. The spread of particular techniques and concepts of urban intervention that were developed in some Western countries and saw their influences in other Western and non-Western countries has also resulted in changes in the urban pattern. The spread of ideas and some planning approach in Turkey was due to Western engineers and architects for applying the new planning models throughout after the great fires of I . stanbul in the 19th century. The implementation of Western urban planning principles and modern technology and the image of Western cities have affected the formation of new urban development and reconstruction activities in Turkish cities especially in I . stanbul. The aim of this article is to analyse the effects of planning practices initiated by the urban reforms of Tanzimat on the urban pattern of I . stanbul. These analyses are based on a hypothesis, as the Turkish planning practices in the Tanzimat period were influenced by Western planning practices.

Due to the industrialisation and rapid urbanisation after 1950's, housing demand has increased together with an insufficient housing production to meet the need in Turkey. As a consequence of the large deficit between the annual housing demand and supply, squatter housing construction was the major means for shelter of low income families who can not have their place in the housing market as buyers. Squatter houses are located either on the peripheries of the cities or mostly outside of the urban boundaries on public land or illegally subdivided land by creating many physical, social and environmental problems. After 1990's, depending on the globalisation wind and neo-liberal policies that enriched the new elites who have new life styles, the housing capital focused on these group. After 1999 earthquake in Turkey, the fear of possible earthquake has also changed the housing preference as from the high-rise apartment buildings to the lower detached houses. As a consequence of this supply-demand chain, the private housing investment was directed to the gated communities which are isolated settlements with restricted access, so that public spaces are privatised or their use is prohibited or controlled on the edge of the metropoliten cities. These settlements also have physical and social problems. This paper will analyze the change of urban periphery, location and relation with the natural thresholds and the main transportation system of these settlements of Turkey in the light of literature review and some development plans and interview with real estate developers and users.

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Turkey was westernized after the declaration of The Tanzimat Charter in 1839. The modernization of Ottoman Empire inevitably brought changes into the administrative, socio-economic and spatial organization of the cities as well as in the lifestyles of urban dwellers. Urbanization and economic, cultural and social modernization processes created new buildings and establishments. The spread of particular techniques and concepts of urban intervention that were developed in some Western countries and saw their influences in other Western and non-Western countries has also resulted in changes in the urban pattern. The spread of ideas and some planning approach in Turkey was due to Western engineers and architects for applying the new planning models throughout after the great fires of I . stanbul in the 19th century. The implementation of Western urban planning principles and modern technology and the image of Western cities have affected the formation of new urban development and reconstruction activities in Turkish cities especially in I . stanbul. The aim of this article is to analyse the effects of planning practices initiated by the urban reforms of Tanzimat on the urban pattern of I . stanbul. These analyses are based on a hypothesis, as the Turkish planning practices in the Tanzimat period were influenced by Western planning practices.