Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disorder, which involves the gastrointestinal (GI) tract consisting Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The etiology of this disease is not yet clear and, hence, there are numerous medications and treatments for patients with IBD, although a definite and permanent treatment is still missing. Therefore, finding novel therapeutic approaches are vital for curing patients with IBD. In the GI tract, there are various lineages of cells with different roles that their existence is necessary for the barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Therefore, signaling pathways, which manage the hemostasis of cell lineages in intestine, such as Wnt, Notch, and Hippo, could have crucial roles in regulation of barrier function in the intestine. Additionally, these signaling pathways function as a governor of cell growth, tissue homeostasis, and organ size. In patients with IBD, recent studies have revealed that these signaling pathways are dysregulated that it could result in depletion or excess of a cell lineage in the intestine. Moreover, dysregulation of these signaling pathways in different cell lineages of the immune system could lead to dysregulation of the immune system's responses in IBD. In this article, we summarized the components and signaling of Wnt, Notch, and Hippo pathways and their role in the intestine and immune system. Furthermore, we reviewed latest scientific literature on the crosstalk among these three signaling pathways in IBD. An overview of these three signaling pathways and their interactions in IBD could provide a novel insight for prospective study directions into finding efficient medications or treatments.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are immune-mediated, chronic relapsing diseases with a rising prevalence worldwide in both adult and pediatric populations. Treatment options for immune-mediated diseases, including IBDs, are traditional steroids, immunomodulators, and biologics, none of which are capable of inducing long-lasting remission in all patients. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a fundamental role in inducing tolerance and regulating T cells and their tolerogenic functions. Hence, modulation of intestinal mucosal immunity by DCs could provide a novel, additional tool for the treatment of IBD. Recent evidence indicates that probiotic bacteria might impact immunomodulation both in vitro and in vivo by regulating DCs’ maturation and producing tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) which, in turn, might dampen inflammation. In this review, we will discuss this evidence and the mechanisms of action of probiotics and their metabolites in inducing tolDCs in IBDs and some conditions associated with them.

In this study we indicated that impaired serological responses to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection among patients with IBD, could have significant implications for this group of patients and should be considered in vaccination program.

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