Objective. To study the influence of constipation in the anamnesis, diet as risk factors for inadequate bowel preparation for colonoscopy in children, after bowel preparation with sodium picosulfate with magnesium citrate , cleansing enemas or with combination of both. Patients and methods. Children (1 year – 17 years 11 months) were referred for routine colonoscopy to two children's hospitals in Moscow and were randomly assigned three types of preparation for the research. Exclusion criteria were the need for an emergency colonoscopy, kidney disease, or colectomy. All patients were prescribed low-fiber diet during three days before the procedure. Endoscopists did not know about the method of preparation and evaluated the effectiveness of preparation according to the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS ), noting the maximum depth of insertion of device (intubation of the cecum, ileum, etc.). Tolerability of methods and adherence of diet were assessed using the questionnaire for patients, as well as by the incidence of undesirable effects. The BBPS of ≥2 in 3 segments of the colon (left, transverse, right) was considered satisfactory, while BBPS <2 in more than 1 segment was considered unsatisfactory. Results. 440 children (mean age 12 years) were randomly assigned to bowel preparation with sodium picosulfate with magnesium citrate (n = 135), cleansing enemas (n = 79) or combination (n = 226) . The satisfactory result of preparation was achieved in 127 (94.1%) patients in the bowel preparation with sodium picosulfate group, in 71 (90%) in the group with cleansing enemas and in 201 (89%) using the combined method (BBPC value for bowel preparation with sodium picosulfate 7.0 (6.0–8.0), Cleansing enemas 7.0 (5.0–8.0), Combination 6.5 (6.0–8.0), p = 0.009). Analysis of logistic regression showed that age, body mass index and the presence of a diagnosis of constipation in the anamnesis did not affect (p > 0.05)to success of achieving the satisfactory result of bowel preparation in all groups (p > 0.05). However, constipation was associated with depth of insertion and intubation of the cecum and/or terminal ileum, which was 6.8 times less likely in patients with constipation (OR = 0.146; 95% CI: 0.036–0.602, p = 0.014). In patients who followed the diet, inadequate bowel preparation was observed with a probability of 7.4 times less (OR = 0.135; 95% CI: 0.053–0.345, p < 0.001). In children who followed the dosage, the probability of inadequate bowel preparation was also 7.393 times lower, regardless of the method of preparation (OR = 0.135; 95% CI: 0.053–0.345, p < 0.001). Frequency of undesirable effects between the groups was almost the same, there was no statistically significant difference (sodium picosulfate 29%, cleansing enemas 27%, combination 39%, p = 0.03). Conclusion. The results of our study show that in children without constipation on diet and adequate doses of medicines makes it easier to tolerate preparation, qualitatively prepare the intestines and conduct full colonoscopy. We consider that these criteria are the most important for bowel cleansing and the quality of the colonoscopy performed in children, regardless of the methods of colon preparation. Key words: colonoscopy, children, pediatrics, preparation

Considering the very important role of the environment and ecology in ensuring the health and food security of the population, Azerbaijan is implementing a consistent and effective state policy towards protecting the ecological balance. Improvement and protection of the ecological situation and the desire to minimize environmental pollution are the main directions of the policy of our state in this direction. Phytoecological studies and studies on oil-contaminated soils are today one of the most urgent environmental problems in Azerbaijan. Therefore, when sampling soil at the Siyazanneft mines in the Siyazan district, the species composition of phytocenoses in contaminated areas was determined. In the conducted research work, the species composition and structure of the primal-meadow and wetland vegetation common in the selected samples and areas (around oil wells) were studied. The results of phytoecological studies were used in the “Classification of Vegetation”. Thus, the vegetation found on the oil-contaminated lands of Siyazanneft was classified into 2 types of vegetation and 4 associations belonging to 2 formation groups. In the presented article, a research work was carried out on the phytoecological characteristics of the spring-meadow and wetland type of vegetation in the oil-contaminated territory “Siyazanneft”.

Foreign body aspiration (FB) is one of the leading causes of death from accidents among preschool children. Every year, up to 8% of children worldwide die as a result of foreign body aspiration. In developed countries, the mortality rate is lower, but the problem remains no less urgent due to the high attendance at emergency departments. Longstanding foreign bodies deserve special attention. The absence of an aspiration episode in the anamnesis of the disease, nonspecific respiratory symptoms, “X-ray negative” foreign bodies, as well as organic FB can complicate the diagnostic search. The article presents data from domestic and foreign literature on epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, as well as modern approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of foreign body aspiration. The authors present their own clinical observation of a long-standing foreign body in the bronchus in a 7-year-old child. Prolonged cough and repeated episodes of bronchial obstruction for 4 years were regarded as the onset of bronchial asthma. The lack of effect from ongoing bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory therapy with high doses of inhaled glucocorticosteroids dictated the need to expand the diagnostic search, and therefore the child was sent for examination in a hospital to the pulmonology department of the Children’s Clinical Hospital I.M. Sechenov. During endoscopic examination, a metal spiral spring (7 mm in size) was found in the child and simultaneously removed, which was presumably within 4 years in the right bronchus. Over the next 6 months, bronchial obstruction did not recur, there were no complaints.

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