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Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a proinflammatory cytokine known to control a diverse array of pathological and physiological conditions during normal development and tumorigenesis. TGF-β-mediated physiological effects are heterogeneous and vary among different types of cells and environmental conditions. TGF-β serves as an antiproliferative agent and inhibits tumor development during primary stages of tumor progression; however, during the later stages, it encourages tumor development and mediates metastatic progression and chemoresistance. The fundamental elements of TGF-β signaling have been divulged more than a decade ago; however, the process by which the signals are relayed from cell surface to nucleus is very complex with additional layers added in tumor cell niches. Although the intricate understanding of TGF-β-mediated signaling pathways and their regulation are still evolving, we tried to make an attempt to summarize the TGF-βmediated SMAD-dependent andSMAD-independent pathways. This manuscript emphasizes the functions of TGF-β as a metastatic promoter and tumor suppressor during the later and initial phases of tumor progression respectively.

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Abstract:This review surveys the diversity of natural products derived from terrestrial plants, microorganisms, marine organisms and fungi and utilised in the treatment of various diseases.A wide spectrum of compounds derived from these sources has found many applications in the fields of medicine, pharmacy and general biology. The enormous structural diversity of natural products and their medicinal significance has led researchers to predict that screening natural resources will generate new -lead‖ compounds. It is well established that structural analogues with greater pharmacological activity and fewer side effects can be generated by molecular modification of the functional groups of such lead compounds.