By using a simple mathematical equation, one can reliably determine the degree of pedicle subtraction osteotomy needed for correction of sagittal deformity. This technique is reproducible and has led to successful clinical outcomes.

In our series, we have found a consistent way to cannulate the C2 pedicle. C2 fixation serves as an integral part of cervical reconstruction. Preoperative planning, anatomic knowledge, and lateral C-arm orientation create a low morbidity method for C2 screw placement.

Utilization of TQM principles and the development of an intervention such as the one described here can decrease hospitalization rates for medically ill older home care patients with symptoms of depression.

Management and avoidance of lumbar pseudarthrosis are among the most common and challenging tasks faced by reconstructive spine surgeons. The risks of peudarthrosis can be broadly divided into two categories: those within a surgeon's control and those not within his/her control. These include biological factors, graft choices, site preparation, and surgical design. The authors review the biological factors that affect fusion and how they can be manipulated to avoid or manage lumbar pseudarthrosis. Surgical planning and construct design to prevent or treat pseudarthrosis will also be discussed. Additionally, the importance of restoring sagittal balance will be reviewed.

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