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By increasing the number of university students and limited funds allocated to universities, maintaining the efficiency of universities resources is necessary. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) method is one of the most widely used methods to evaluate efficiency of universities. →What this article adds:To evaluate efficiency via DEA method, selecting outputs and inputs plays an important role. Results of this study determine most inputs and outputs that can be used to evaluate the efficiency of universities of medical sciences.

Ethical codes and guidelines for publication had already been developed and approved by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. →What this article adds:A set of ethical codes specific for e-contents, on which experts of the field agreed, was devised regarding copyright issues, elearning context, and target groups' needs.

Radiology gamification articles were examined to determine the purpose and effect of games on the target audience and to provide a basis for researchers who aim to develop a new gamification. The articles related to radiology gamification, games, and simulations were retrieved from databases, including ProQuest, Springer, Cochrane Library, Ovid, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science via electronic search. To assess the quality of the articles Prisma and CASP checklists were used. Finally, according to the inclusion criteria, the appropriate articles were selected. Among 6917 retrieved articles, only 13 articles were related to radiology gamification, two of which were related to the analysis of the effects of radiology gamification in different areas such as differential diagnosis, education, dental radiology, and the number of drugs taken for imaging. These studies show that radiology gamification is few, and there are different forms of gamification, including but not limited to board games, physical games, and video games. Furthermore, in designing an educational game, learner’s characteristics, educational goals, and developing educational content are major steps. © 2019 Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.