The genus Sporormia is restricted to the type species S. fimetaria DeNot., S. fimicola Ahmed & Asah and S. mirabilis Bret. & Faur., in which the ascospores are arranged in a truncate bundle, parallel to the ascus and surrounded by a common gelatinous sheath. The cells of the ascospores are without germ slits.In Sporormiella, which is regarded as a distinct genus, the ascospores are not arranged in a truncate bundle. Each spore has a distinct and separate gelatinous sheath and each cell of the ascospore has an elongated germ slit. The type species is S. nigropurpurea Ell. & Ev.The following 35 species of Sporormia are transferred to Sporormiella: S. affinis Sacc., S. americana Griff., S. antarctica Speg., S. australis Speg., S. bipartis Cain, S. capybarae Speg., S. chaetomioides Griff., S. commutata Niessl, S. corynespora Niessl, S. dakotensis Griff., S. heptamera Auersw., S. herculea Ell. & Ev., S. insignis Niessl, S. irregularis I. Egel., S. kansensis Griff., S. lageniformis Fuckel, S. lata Griff., S. leporina Niessl, S. longispora Cain, S. megalospora Auersw., S. minima Auersw., S. muskokensis Cain, S. ontariensis Cain, S. ovina (Desm.) Sacc., S pascua Niessl, S. pentamera Oud., S. pilosa Cain, S. pilosella Cain, S. polymera Cain, S. pulchella Hansen, S. pyriformis Speg., S. scandinavica I. Egel., S. schoterriana Bret. & Faur., S. splendens Cain, S. vexans Auersw.There are 22 new species described in the genus Sporormiella, as follows: S. alloimera, S. anisomera, S. calomera, S. cylindrospora, S. cymatomera, S. decamera, S. dodecamera, S. dubia, S. euryspora, S. isomera, S. longisporopsis, S. minimoides, S. minipascua, S. octonalis, S. platymera, S. schadospora, S, septenaria, S. systenospora, S. subtilis, S. teretispora, S. tetramera, S. trogospora.These coprophilous species are from Argentina, Canada, Mexico, and the United States.A total of 66 species are described, 61 of which are illustrated. Keys to the species of Sporormia and Sporormiella are included.

Background: This study aimed to assess the extent of knowledge and understanding of rabies disease in rural and urban communities of Pakistan. It also identified malpractices after suspected dog bite that might pose a risk for humans contracting rabies. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted (n = 1466) on people having different age groups and educational levels in four different geographic regions of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces in Pakistan. Knowledge, attitude, and practices of people were assessed using a structured questionnaire. We used a bivariate and multivariate analysis to study the association between rabies related mortalities in near or extended family members and different risk behaviors. Results: Our results demonstrate that the majority of the juvenile population (less than 18 years of age) were not aware of the clinical signs of rabies in animals. 75% of the total respondents were not vaccinated against rabies, 60% did not seek a doctor's advice after a suspected animal bite, and 55% had inadequate health care facilities for rabies patients in local hospitals. Respondents that had pets at home had not vaccinated (38%; p < 0.05; odds ratio 1.58) themselves against rabies due to lack of knowledge and awareness of pre-exposure prophylaxis for rabies (51%; p < 0.05; odds ratio 1.25). They also tend to not visit doctor after suspected bite (52%; p < 0.05; odds ratio 1.97), which may had resulted in more deaths (65%; p < 0.05; odds ratio 1.73) of someone in their near or extended family due to rabies. Conclusions: Lack of knowledge about the nature of rabies disease and prophylaxis has contributed to increase of rabies related deaths. Inadequate health care facilities and poor attitude of not seeking medical attention after suspected dog bite are the major reasons of rabies related deaths. These findings could help in devising a targeted management strategy and awareness program to control and reduce the incidence of human rabies related deaths in Pakistan.

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