Floods are known as frequent and destructive global events that are caused by natural and human factors. Beside traditional methods, flood hazard mapping has been empowered by spatially enabled cell phones and web mapping technology which are feed by user generated data. This user generated information or Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI), becomes the first point of response during any natural disaster. Since this information is created by volunteers, its reliability and credibility issues bring restriction on use of them as main source of information. The available methods of VGI credibility assessment mainly focus on meta data analysis, VGI spatial pattern analysis and comparison of VGI data with reference data. This paper thoroughly discusses recent development in these three groups of VGI assessment methods. At the end we highlighted several research gaps and potentials of combining and improving these methods to support flood hazard mapping.

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In recent years, the criminal and violent behaviour has become a national crisis in Asia and many pieces of research have been implemented to determine the criminal phenomena and the pattern of a crime occurred. Among the occurrences of crime incidence, the burglary crime was the most regular type of crime that commonly occurred in the urban area after the motor vehicles theft in Malaysia. Normally, the crime incidences were affected by several coinciding variables such as the offender’s behaviour and motivation, the physical environment factor and the victim’s behaviour. Overall, there are seven fundamental socio-demographic variables were determined and applied to investigate the pattern and motivation of burglar commit a crime incidence. The results showed that the burglary crime incidences were affected by the socio-demographic variable and burglar behaviour by using the spatial analysis method.

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