Background: Blunt trauma to the abdomen most commonly leads to injury of the spleen. Patients usually presents with left hypochondriac pain or generalized abdominal pain which may radiate to the left shoulder. There can be associated left lower rib fractures. Diagnosis is made on contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen. Surgical management is warranted in the cases according to AAST Grade of injury. Missed or delayed presentation of injury can lead to mortality hence careful evaluation of mode of injury, complete examination, appropriate investigation and monitoring are vital for patient management. Objective: The present study aims at the determination of incidence and causes of splenic injury after blunt trauma to the abdomen. Study design: A cross-sectional study Place and Duration: This study was conducted at Rawalpindi Medical University from November 2020 to November 2022 Methodology: A total of 195 patients were included in the study. The lowest age limit was 15 years and patients of both genders were considered. The patients with abdominal trauma were received in the emergency department. A detailed history of the event was taken from all the patients with simultaneous resuscitation. After that, a thorough clinical examination was performed on all the patients. The patients were sent for a FAST SCAN and CCET abdomen to diagnose and assess the extent of the injury. The type of trauma that lead to the injury of the spleen, such as road traffic accident (RTA), assault, and fall from height was recorded of each patient. Patients with AAST grade I and II were managed conservatively except in cases where exploration was required for concomitant abdominal injuries however patients with Grade III, IV and V underwent exploration, spleenoraphy or splenectomy respectivelyThe data was collected and analyzed in the IBM SPSS version 26. Result: A total of 195 patients were studied, out of which 48 (24.61%) were female and 147 (75.38%) were male. The mean age of the patients was 30.45±2.12 years. Overall 12 (6.15%) were detected with splenic injury. A total of 5 (41.67%) had an RTA, 4 (33.33%) had a fall from height, 2 (16.67%) assault, and 1 (8.33%) had sports injury. Conclusion: The most common type of blunt trauma to the abdomen which resulted in a splenic injury was road traffic accidents followed by fall from height. Early diagnosis is helpful in the proper management of the patient and increasing the survival rate. Keywords: Splenic injury, road traffic accident, blunt trauma

Objective: To determine the frequency of the clinical pattern and diagnosis of various types of solid testicular swellings and its management outcomes. Materials and methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was done at the surgery department of Muhammad Medical College, Mirpur Khas. Cases with different presentations raising suspicion about the disease were admitted to the hospital from OPD after recording the detailed history and clinical examination. All the patients presenting with solid testicular swellings underwent inguinal exploration through an incision above the inguinal ligament, regardless of age, were included. After taking verbal informed consent, all the cases underwent testicular biopsies, and specimens were sent to the diagnostic laboratory for histopathological diagnosis. Patients having neoplastic testicular changes were referred, and patients with non-neoplastic testicular swellings lesions were treated conservatively or surgically as per indications. The data and records of all the patients were taken and maintained by the study proforma. Results: A total of 50 cases of solid testicular swellings were studied; their mean age was 48.45+7.23 years. Painless enlargement was present in 70% of cases, enlargement was usually gradual with a feeling of heaviness, followed by painful enlargement in 10.0% of cases. 20(40%) patients were diagnosed as neoplastic testicular swellings, and 30(60%) patients had non-neoplastic swellings. Among 30 cases of testicular swellings, 40.0% had orchitis, 8.0% had trauma, Epididymo-orchitis 12.0%, testicular tuberculosis was in 4.0%, and 1 (2%) had mumps orchitis. All the non-neoplastic lesions were treated successfully and neoplastic lesions cases were referred for further treatment. Conclusion: As per the study conclusion, painless enlargement (usually gradual with the feeling of heaviness) was observed to be the most common clinical feature. However, orchitis, epididymo-orchitis, and tuberculosis of the testis seemed to be the most common diagnoses among non-neoplastic cases. Neoplastic lesions were frequently high. Keywords: Testicles, swelling, features, diagnosis