Background: Children's inability to protect themselves, shows the importance of crisis management in preschool period. Preschool administrators can help them with the risk prevention during crisis. We aimed to investigate the professional competencies of preschool administrators based on crisis management approach. Materials and Methods:The study participants included 387 preschool administrators in Tehran, Iran, selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The surveying tool was a questionnaire designed based on the Child Care Director Self-Assessment instrument (North Carolina Institute, 2015), which has 76 items covering 11 different competency areas. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS (Version 21) by performing descriptive tests and inferential statistics like the Kruskal-Wallis test and the stepwise linear regression method. Results:The results showed a significant difference between professional competency of preschool administrators in terms of age, management experience and educational level (P<0.001). Also, regression results revealed that management experience and educational level can predict professional competency for crisis management, but age could not predict the variation in professional competency (P>0.05). Conclusion:Administrators who are more professionally competent in terms of technical, human, and perceptual skills are more qualified for the preschool management, but age variables can not predict eligibility.

Background: The role of preschool administrators in raising children is increasing day by day, so the purpose of this study was to detect the validity and reliability of the professional competency questionnaire and its psychometric assessment in preschool administrators. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 380 preschool administrators with a minimum age of 25 and a maximum of 65 year participated in 2018. The sampling method was stratified from four regions of north, south, west and east of Tehran, Iran. Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire was used for convergent validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to examine the internal consistency. Face validity, content validity and structural validity were also calculated. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Results: The questionnaire of professional competency of preschool administrators was appropriate in terms of face validity. Indicators related to content validity were appropriate in terms of relevance, transparency and necessity in this study. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.98. The correlation between the total score of the managers' professional competency test and self-esteem was equal to 0.08 with a significance level of 0.58. Conclusion: The professional competency questionnaire of preschool administrators had good validity and reliability to assess the level of professional competency of preschool administrators. Researchers can use this questionnaire to assess the professional competency of preschool administrators.

Introduction:Due to the influences of family instability in creation and development of behavioral and emotional disorder in children, researchers have urged to study stress as a significant factor in this field. Aim:The present study was Validation of the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) among mothers of preschool children in Tehran. Method:The study was a descriptive and correlation. The statistical population was the parents of children aged 4-6 years old in Tehran and 378 of them were selected. To determine the validity of this index, the CBCL questionnaire and the Blum Quist Growth Scale used. Software was used to analyze the data SPSS Result: The reliability coefficient for Stress Index was 89% and correlation coefficient between parenting stress scale with CBCL questionnaire and Bloom quist's questionnaires was 23%, 68%, respectively. All Correlation coefficients were significant at the 0.01 level Conclusion: Parenting stress index could be used as a reliable tool for the age of 4-6 in clinical and non-clinical studies.

Objectives Avoidance is a maladaptive schema that leads to maladaptive coping responses, followed by psychological problems. In this regard, we need a tool that is able to measure Avoidance schema. Also, there is no Persian version for measuring avoidance schema, so we need a tool that be able to measure Young-Rygh Avoidance schema in Iran. Thus, the aim of the present research is to assess the validity, reliability and factor analysis of the Persian version of Avoidance Inventory. Methods The sample included 382 students of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences University who were selected using convenience sampling method. To assess the convergentdivergent validity, the Avoidance Questionnaire, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II), Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition, Beck Anxiety Questionnaire, and the Young overcompensation inventory. Results Factor analysis extracted eight factors that explained 54.92 percent of total variance. Internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha is acceptable (0.69-0.83), and time reliability is appropriate (0.72-0.92). Relationship of Avoidance Inventory with anxiety inventory (0.29), depression inventory (-0.21), excessive compensation (0.43) and acceptance and action scale (0.30) shows the convergent-divergent validity. Conclusion The Persian version of Avoidance Inventory is a reliable and valid tool.