Chicken eggshell, a poultry waste material, is a potential but poorly recognised source of calcium that can be used by humans to increase their dietary calcium intake by incorporating it into foods. This study was aimed at assessing the effects of eggshell powder supplementation at 5, 10, 15, and 20% levels on the chemical composition, sensory characteristics, and calorific value of the biscuits. Calcium absorption from supplemented biscuits was also determined. The inclusion of eggshell powder resulted in significant variations in the chemical composition of biscuits. It profoundly increased the mineral content, mainly calcium from 43.57 mg 100 g^–1 to 1 054.7, 2 186.7, 2 941.6, and 3 843 mg 100 g^–1 at 5, 10, 15 and 20% supplementation level, respectively. Substantial changes in the sensory quality of biscuits were also observed with corresponding rises in eggshell addition levels. Biscuits prepared with 5 and 10% supplementation levels were found acceptable in terms of sensory attributes. The in vivo study affirmed the absorption of calcium from eggshell powder and it was found highest (41.83%) at 5% supplementation level. Conclusively, supplementation of biscuits with eggshell powder might be an attractive source of dietary calcium intake without any significant adverse effects on biscuits quality up to 10% supplementation level.

In this work, we explore the phenomenon of cosmic evolution using curved FLRW space-time bounded by apparent horizon with a specific holographic cut-off. To this end, we use the framework of Rastall gravity (RG) and universe is assumed to be consists of interacting/ non-interacting dark energy (DE) and dark matter (DM). In both scenarios, we evaluate exact solutions of the dynamical equations and constraint the holographic parameter c 2 (z) assuming a slowly varying function of red-shift during non-interacting model. For interacting model, we consider c 2 as a constant function of red-shift. Moreover, we analyze nature of the obtained results via deceleration parameter (q), statefinder pair (j, s) and Om(z)-diagnostic by constraining the involved model parameters using latest observational data. The graphical analysis showed that interacting model is very close to Λ cold DM (ΛCDM) model as compared to non-interacting case. We conclude that this holographic proposal is enough to describe the cosmic evolution at an accelerating rate.

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