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The gel electrolyte significantly influences gel valve-regulated lead acid battery performance. To address this, the paper describes the preparation of novel polymer gel electrolytes using poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) for valve-regulated lead–acid batteries. FTIR technique is used to confirm the chemical reaction between PVA and TEOS. Electrochemical analyses such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were applied to optimize the concentration of PVA-TEOS polymer gel electrolyte. The optimum concentration of polymer gel electrolyte was determined as 20 wt% of TEOS in PVA (PE-1) with higher anodic peak and lower Rs and Rct values. The Galvanostatic charge–discharge tests were performed on the optimized gel system prototype battery. The highest capacity of 6.86 × 10−5 Ah at a current density of 0.2 mA cm−2 was achieved with an excellent capacity retention ratio of 85.7% over 500 cycles. The exceptional cycle performance and high capacity make PVA-TEOS gel electrolyte a promising candidate for practical battery application.

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The construction industry is a major contributor to socio economic development and an extensive user of energy and natural resources; therefore, its engagement is fundamental to sustainability. This research prioritizes investment spending in the construction sector in Saudi Arabia to meet sustainable development. This research uses integrated structure equation modeling (SEM) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) as a solution approach for prioritizing the alternatives for the decision maker. Experts and decision makers have been interviewed to define the main and subcriteria and the corresponding pairwise comparison matrix. Economic, environmental, and social (EES) criteria were considered, including 8, 8, and 5 subcriteria, respectively. SmartPLS applying the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method and expert choice for AHP were used to rank investment in the construction sector in Saudi Arabia in order to attain sustainable development. The SEM results revealed that the influencing factors are 5 economic, 5 environmental, and 3 social subcriteria in sustainable development. The results indicated that building projects ranked first at 13.9%, followed by water and sanitation activities at 11.2%, and by electrical works business at 10.8%. Road work ranked fourth at 8.6%, accompanied by mechanical activities at 6.4%. The electronic works category ranked sixth at 6.2%, and then landscaping works at 4.8%. The dams category ranked eighth at 3.3%; city cleaning and waste disposal achieved a percentage of 3.1%, and the remaining categories achieved percentages of between 0.07% and 1.9%. The recommendations were that the Saudi government