No abstract

Foliar Micro-nutrition is the application of micronutrients to plants by spraying directly onto their leaves. Although it is not economical to spray macronutrients and micronutrients through foliar spraying, researchers prefer soil application for macronutrients and foliar applications of micronutrients. Several researches have demonstrated that the method which is used to deliver the required micronutrient in appropriate concentration to improve nutrient status along with increased yield and quality potential are adapted by combining applications of FeSO4 at a dose of 0.2%, Calcium nitrate at 0.2%, Boron at 0.1% and ZnSO4 at 0.2% has revealed a 51% increase as compared to control in potato. Application of ZnSO4 (0.4%) and ZnSO4 (0.6%) provides significant impact on growth and yield characteristic of Chilli; Zinc Sulfate (0.5%) and Borax (0.5%) also shows better result on the number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter and yield per plant in Eggplant. Applying ZnSO4 (0.5%) shows better results on plant height, weight of head and yield of head in cabbage cultivations. Combined application of Boron (100 ppm) + Molybdenum (50 ppm) along with 60 kg/fed of Nitrogen. The results showed increased 38.02% on curd yield of cauliflower over control. A study reveals that application of (0.5%) Zn+ (0.1%) B along with 75 kg/ha of potassium in combination showed 31.73% increases yield of watermelon. Application of boron at 0.25% and zinc 0.5% showed a 31.17% increase in the total onion yield. The combined application of MgSO4 (0.5%), MnSO4 (0.5%), FeSO4 (0.5%) and ZnSO4 (0.5%) has increased yield of okra 31.8% over control. In general this critical review lays an emphasis from the review point of that micronutrients have been found to show satisfactory results than control conditions and has an immense potential in vegetable production to increase yield attributes.

No abstract

It is projected that by 2030, the global population will rise to 8.5 billion influencing various changes to the whole globe. Since 1750, the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased sharply and exceeds more than 31 percent as a result of land use change and intense farming activities that require unique and modern actions to manage its climate - related risks. The earth is getting warmer day by day due to land use transition, intensive agriculture; global carbon (C) emissions have drastically increases after industrial revolution. Soil C depletion is enhanced by soil mismanagement, soil degradation and aggravated by land exploitation. Sources of emissions from various anthropogenic activities; land use change, burning of natural biomass, natural conversion to agricultural habitats, and soil cultivation. The soil as a dynamic natural entity has the potential of storing most of the C from atmosphere that will cause substantial decrease in CO2 content that is enhancing global climate change. Through agriculture, soils can reduce CO2 emissions in the atmosphere and store C while having good effect on food security, water quality and climate prior to the introduction of best management and restorative land-use practices. Most of the reduced C in soil carbon (SC) pools can be recovered by embracing conservation tillage (no-till, reduced tillage) with cover cropping and incorporating crop residues as mulch, nutrient management through integrated nutrient management practices, manure and organic amendments, biochar and using other productive soil management strategies. These management systems lead to preservation of lands that are being or have been depleted, increase carbon production, enhance soil health and decrease the amount of atmospheric CO2 leading to climate change mitigation.

Soil pH is a critical characteristic that regulates the abundance of essential nutrients in the soil system. Low soil pH reduces the supply of secondary macronutrients, whereas higher pH restricts soil micronutrient availability. In addition, soil nutrient sources such as organic and inorganic fertilizers by plants require an adequate pH for optimum plant growth and productivity. The soil pH is regarded as the "master of soil indices", which has a role to play in controlling biogeochemical cycles that influence plant growth. It also has an enormous influence on microbial biodiversity in the soil. Various approaches have been used to alter the soil pH, demonstrating that it is not easy to adjust soil pH. Therefore, a suitable but practical approach is required to control or change the pH of the rhizosphere. Microbial breeding technique such as genome replication may be an appropriate option to alter the pH of the rhizosphere. Genetically engineered microbes may have the exceptional ability to release sufficient acidic or basic compounds that could increase or decrease the pH levels in the rhizosphere. In recent years, this view has helped answer some common evolutionary concerns regarding how bacteria and their host species have evolved from their early ancestors. Greater exploitation of microbes in this respect would be necessary for sustainable crop production and helping to resolve issues related to soil-plant interactions for nutrients. To breed the microbes selectively for optimal nutritional interaction with plants, the genetic components of different traits must first be explored. Contribution/Originality:The present review describes the importance of microbes towards pH and their role in altering pH in the rhizosphere. This study is one of the very few studies that have investigated microbial genetics and if the genetic approaches become beneficial, it will lead towards the next revolution.to consider them to ensure that they are accurate. In another way, soil is a volatile and heterogeneous ecosystem with complicated trophic interactions that contain diverse species of microbes [1]. In general, due to the ambiguous