Twelve new compounds α 2 -M a H b [P 2 W 18 Ϫ n Ti n O 62 ]ؒxH 2 O and α-1,2,3-M a H b [P 2 W 18 Ϫ n (TiO 2 ) n O 62 Ϫ n ]ؒxH 2 O (M = K ϩ , NEt 4 ϩ or NBu 4 ϩ ; n = 1, a ϩ b = 8; n = 3, a ϩ b = 12) were synthesized from vacant heteropolytungstate precursors α 2 -[P 2 W 17 O 61 ] 10Ϫ and α-1,2,3-[P 2 W 15 O 56 ] 12Ϫ . The products were characterized by IR, UV spectroscopy, polarography, cyclic voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Tungsten-183 NMR studies showed that the titanium atoms or the peroxotitanium group in the anions are at 'polar' sites. The polarographic results indicated that there was a polarographic reduction potential of O 2 2Ϫ at ca. Ϫ0.08 V and that of Ti 4ϩ at ca. Ϫ0.20 V. The characteristic charge-transfer absorption band O 2 2Ϫ→Ti at 318 nm occurs in the UV spectra. The peroxotitanium (TiO 2 ) groups show two additional characteristic bands at ca. 870 and ca. 490 cm Ϫ1 in the IR spectra.

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Over the last several decades, significant progress has been made in the diagnostic criteria of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) to identify its early stages, including subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment. However, the previous research rarely took account of individual differences when evaluating AD-spectrum patients at different stages, thereby resulting in similar treatment, which was not only ineffective but also resulted in the missed window of opportunity for intervention. In this review, we propose the Brief Risk Rating Scale (BRRS), which is predominantly based on extant literature concerning AD risk factors and brain alterations, with the aim of providing a preliminary screening and monitoring tool that can facilitate the assessment of individual’s risk level, the prediction and tracking of disease progression, as well as precise treatment in a timely manner. Meanwhile, due to its simplicity and ease of use, it can be widely promoted and likewise accessible to clinicians in grassroots clinics. In general, the scale comprises two parts: The original score (O) related to patients’ risk factors and the variation score (V) related to brain abnormalities tested by different sequences of magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, the advantages along with its clinical application, such as introducing BRRS into cognitive training and brain stimulation, are also discussed. We conclude that BRRS positively contributes to enhancing the accuracy of clinical diagnosis and the efficiency of personalized treatment in AD-spectrum patients, with individual differences fully considered and little additional burden added. However, the weight coefficient of each item in BRRS should be thoroughly studied in future research.

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