BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The effects of chronic exercise interventions (CEIs) on core symptoms and executive functions (EFs) of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and how different characteristics of CEIs could modify the effect remain unclear. We synthesized the current evidence on the effects of CEIs on core symptoms and EFs in children and adolescents with ADHD. METHODS: Data sources include PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from database inception to July 31, 2022. Study selection includes randomized controlled trials that reported on the effects of CEIs on core symptoms and/or EFs in ADHD aged 6 to 18 years. RESULTS: Twenty-two randomized controlled trials were included. CEIs had a small beneficial effect on overall core symptoms (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.64 to −0.14), as well as inattention (SMD = −0.32, 95% CI: −0.63 to −0.004) among children and adolescents with ADHD. Closed-skill exercise showed a large improvement in core symptoms (SMD = −0.83, 95% CI: −1.30 to −0.35), whereas open-skill exercise did not. Additionally, CEIs had a moderately beneficial effect on overall EFs (SMD = −0.68, 95% CI: −0.91 to −0.45) and a moderate-to-large effect on the specific domains of EFs. The pooled effects on overall core symptoms and EFs were not significantly modified by study population (children or adolescents), exercise session duration (≤50 or >50 minutes per session, median), or total exercise sessions (<24 or ≥24 sessions, median). CONCLUSIONS: CEIs have small-to-moderate beneficial effects on overall core symptoms and EFs in children and adolescents with ADHD.

Immersive virtual reality is a promising technology for planning participation. The paper contributes to the literature by comparing the latest virtual reality technology using head-mounted display with conventional graphic representation (pictures of rendered three-dimensional environments in this case) in terms of the effects on the participants’ preferences for the plans and their underlying decision mechanisms. Using a stated choice experiment based on a real-world project of street renewal, we collected choice data from 48 university students from non-design majors. We found significant quantitative but limited qualitative differences between the aggregate preferences under virtual reality and conventional graphic representation, and some generally unappealing features under conventional graphic representation were more favored under virtual reality. Results of the discrete choice modeling showed the individual decision mechanisms became more homogeneous under virtual reality. Virtual reality had stronger impacts on the female participants than the male participants. The females had more aggregate preference reversals, larger preference differences, and stronger changes in the decision mechanism. But the mechanisms of the two genders converged under virtual reality. The findings can be used to design better participatory processes with virtual reality and conventional graphic representation properly applied according to their capabilities.

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With the rapid expansion of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) in China over the last two decades, OFDI has become an increasingly important way of internationalization for firms. This paper documents how firms' OFDI and its different patterns may affect their internal resource allocation efficiency by adopting PSM-DID method and using firm-level data of China. Our results show that China's OFDI significantly improves the overall efficiency of resource allocation within enterprises, which has a time lag effect. Furthermore, we find that different patterns of firms' OFDI display significant heterogeneity in their performances. All results remain robust when we replace key variables with different indexes, change the matching method, recalculate parameter, and change the sample size. The key implication of the paper is that both the value and the pattern of OFDI of Chinese enterprises do have significant influences on its internal resource allocation.

This paper models the relationship between short-term rates and excess reserves in an interest rate corridor as a logistic function estimated for the Eurosystem. The estimate helps to identify conditions in which short-term rates become unanchored, that is, they move away from the policy rates and become more volatile within the interest rate corridor defined by the interest rates of the central bank's standing facilities. These conditions are attributed to coordination failures among counterparties at open market operations under fixed-rate and full-allotment procedures in the context of segmented markets. A model of the functioning of segmented markets describes how "un-anchoring" takes place when counterparties pursue bidding strategies optimal from an individual perspective but sub-optimal from an aggregate perspective.