Osteoporosis [OP] and Osteoarthritis [OA] have many things in common despite distinct pathophysiologies. Both Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis are the most common musculoskeletal disorders, in the elderly, commonly affecting females. The incidence of both is increasing with a very high prevalence in an aging population. Both the diseases are multifactorial and remain largely understudied at the molecular level. Genetic and environmental factors have been recognized to have a major role in both. Several candidate genes have been found to have an association with both diseases and interestingly some of these are common having a role in both although they have not been studied in those suffering from both osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Recent interest has been sought on the role of small ribonucleic acid such as microRNAs (miRNA) on various metabolic and genetic diseases. Numerous studies showed that these miRNAs are small non-coding sequences, nearly around 20-22 nucleotide base pairs that control the expressions of several genes whose altered expressions may lead to the bone formation imbalance and destruction. BackgroundPurpose of Review: Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis are a form of bone disease that most commonly affects the middle-aged and elderly. Besides many treatments and advancements in medical sciences, these diseases are still difficult to treat. Hence, there is a need to find some more specified and advanced treatment modalities to prevent the progression as well as treatment of both diseases. In our review, the role of miRNA is being discussed in both diseases which may provide more evidence to understand the diseases such as OP and OA. Findings:The articles were searched and included from PubMed, MEDLINE, and DOAJ Databases in the English language. We implemented the research terminologies ["Osteoporosis" "Osteoarthritis"] and ["miRNA in OS and OP"] and identified publications that directly discussed survival factors in subjects with both diseases. Since OS and OP can present itself in various ways, comprising radiography and biochemical profile to diagnose the disease and opt the appropriate treatment, comparison of comprehensive radiographic and microscopic findings is important.Inclusion criteria: Only those articles focused on the role of miRNA in OP and OA. Exclusion criteria:• Repetitive published literature.• No relevant information was given in the literature. •The articles without a control group.

Taurine chemically known as 2 aminoethanesulfonic acid; NH2CH2CH2SO3H it’s a non essential amino acid, due to absence of carboxyl group it does not participate in protein synthesis, it does not metabolized and thus not involved in gluconeogenesis, thereby not constituting a direct energy source, This wonderful molecule was discover in 1827 by two German scientist Tiedemann and Gmelin from bile of ox (Bos taurus), Ten years later, this amino acid got its name as Taurine by Demarcay, and 20 years later Jacobsen and Smith discovered that its structure contains sulfur. In a wide variety of invertebrate and vertebrate tissues the natural occurrence of taurine has been recognized, It is also present in plants algae and fungi. In this review we try to cover all possible beneficial role of taurine.

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Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory arthropathy of young adults which primarily affects the axial skeleton. The pathogenesis of AS is unclear, but it is thought to be caused by an early inflammatory phase followed by ossification that may induce local osteitis. It has also been linked to an increase in morbidity and mortality and is known to have a debilitating impact on QoL of the patients. Whereby, CRP and ESR are used for assessment of the disease activity and determination of treatment efficacy, HLA-B27 is considered the best biomarker for AS diagnosis. The conventional therapeutic regimen like NSAIDs and DMARDs alone are not effective in controlling symptoms and indicators of disease; however, when combined with the physical therapy, great improvement in the QoL of the patients has been observed. The outlook for AS has improved remarkably with the advent of biologics that blocks key inflammatory cytokines such as TNF inhibitors. Biologics aids in halting disease progression, and can be used concomitantly with other medications for pain management. In this chapter, barring surgical interventions, we will discuss about the non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies routinely employed for the treatment of AS, as well as the novel therapeutics currently under study.