The study aimed to assess the prevalence of ocular involvement in children 6 months to 5 years attending tertiary care centre with Severe Acute Malnutrition and to detect the associated risk factors for ocular morbidity in severe acute malnutrition.: This hospital based observational study was carried out at Gandhi Medical College, during the study period of 2 years on children diagnosed with SAM belonging to 6 months to 5 years of age. Detailed history was obtained and physical, systemic and ocular examination was done. : A total of 100 severe acute malnourished children were included. Prevalence of ocular involvement in severe acute malnourished children was 72%. Conjunctival pallor was observed in 71.5% eyes and retinal hemorrhages were most common posterior segment finding. Vitamin A deficiency signs were observed in 17 eyes (8.5%). Higher birth order and number of sibling was significantly associated with higher incidence of ocular manifestations (p<0.05). However, other variables showed no significant association between other variables and ocular manifestations (p>0.05). Training should be given to health workers at the primary health care level and health centers on counseling mothers on feeding, growth monitoring, the preventable eye blinding diseases and hygiene during the vaccination sessions and early referral of children with eye signs to hospitals. Also education of couple regarding proper nutrition of mother and child should be encouraged and couples should be insisted to have not more than two children.

: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and pattern of ocular manifestation in HIV positive patients and to correlate ocular lesions with CD4 counts in HIV positive patients. The study was conducted as an observational study on seropositive HIV patients attending ART center and OPD department of ophthalmology during the study period of 2 years. Detailed sociodemographic and clinical history was obtained. Patients were subjected to thorough ophthalmologic evaluation and necessary investigations and findings were noted. Ocular manifestations could be observed in 36 (52.2%) cases. Among them, unilateral ocular manifestations were observed in 11 (15.9%) cases and bilateral involvement in 25 (36.2%) out of 69 patients. A wide spectrum of ocular manifestations were observed, most commonly of posterior segment. Ocular manifestations were not significantly associated with CD4 count (p>0.05) except CMV retinitis which was significantly associated with lower CD4 count (<150 in 14.3% cases). Papilledema was significantly associated with higher CD4 count (p<0.05).Ocular manifestations in HIV positive patients has a wide range of presentation. Every HIV patient must be educated about their ocular condition and should be advised to undergo regular ophthalmic examinations. Health care professionals also should be educated and trained in every aspect so as to pick up early cases of ophthalmic manifestations of HIV and should have coordination with ART center for easy assessment, detection and treating of vision-threatening ocular lesions at the earliest possible.

The study was conducted to assess the level of awareness and knowledge about retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and its risk factors amongst medical professionals in Government Medical College. This study was conducted as a questionnaire based cross-sectional study amongst medical professionals working at tertiary care centreduring the study period of 1 year. The questionnaire administered and response sheets were collected prior to a talk on retinopathy of prematurity. Data was compiled using MsExcel whereas analysis was done by using IBM SPSS software version 20. Cutoff percentage for level of knowledge was kept as 80-100% as good knowledge, 60 to 79% as medium and 40 to 59% as low knowledge. ANOVA and t test was used and p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study included a total of 500 medical professionals. Mean knowledge score was significantly higher among residents i.e. 15.8±2.68 as compared to consultants, demonstrators and medical officers. Also, mean score were significantly higher among non-practicing participants (15±3.34) as compared to practicing participants (12.7±3.67) (p<0.01). In general, participants had a medium level of knowledge regarding retinopathy of prematurity. Most of the participants had a good knowledge of the term Retinopathy of Prematurity, the organ affected and the age group in which it occurs. Knowledge regarding age and centre for screening of ROP is poor. Postgraduate students had the maximum knowledge and medical officers (MBBS) had optimum knowledge of retinopathy of prematurity.

This study was conducted to evaluate the visual field changes in tubercular patients on anti-tubercular therapy and to assess the reversibility of these changes after the discontinuation therapy. This study was conducted as a prospective analytical study at tertiary care centres in Bhopal and Jabalpur on all newly detected tuberculosis patients. Ocular history, relevant history was recorded and detailed ocular examination was done at the time of presentation, before initiating ATT. All the patients were followed up periodically till the cessation of treatment and three months thereafter. A total of 40 cases of newly diagnosed tuberculosis were registered with mean age of 38.4±13.99 years. We documented significant deterioration in visual acuity after 3 months of initiation of therapy. Once the ATT was stopped, the improvement in visual acuity was statistically significant 3 months after the cessation of ATT as compared to visual acuity 3 months after initiation of ATT (p<0.05). But residual visual impairment even after stoppage of ATT was observed. Color vison and visual field defects were observed in higher proportions of eyes following initiation of ethambutol which improved significantly after 3 months of cessation of ATT (p<0.05). Ethambutol, even in recommended dose according to DOTS, has been associated with ocular toxicity which manifests in the form of painless progressive loss of vision, color vision defects and visual field defects. Though these changes are usually reversible, few patients have irreversible damage. Thus, patients receiving ethambutol must be explained regarding these effects and followed up periodically.