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Chitin is the most abundant polysaccharide in nature, second after cellulose as it found in the structure of crustaceans, insects and fungi being a significant component. Sea food waste disposal pose a great problem as chitin in nature degrade at a very gradual rate. Efforts are being made to use chitinase enzyme from different organisms to increase the rate and efficiency of chitin waste disposal. Moreover, chitinase and chitinase producing bacteria are widely being exploited to be used as bio-control agents to inhibit crop pathogens. On the basis of its mechanism of action, chitinase can either be endochitnase or exochitinase. Endo chitinases randomly hydrolyses internal glycosidic bonds in chitin. Exochitinase is exoglycosidase that can be divided into two subtypes based on the specificity of their action Chitinase is synthesized by a number of different microbes including bacteria, fungi and other organisms like mammals, insects etc. This paper gives information about the production of different chitinase enzymes from different bacterial gram-positive species. Antifungal activity for different isolates were tested against A. niger and Penicillium. The isolates showed varying degree of fungal growth inhibition against different fungi.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare extra-nodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). It primarily affects the immunocompromised but is rarely seen in immunocompetent individuals. The pitfalls in the healthcare system of lower-middle-income countries produce many obstacles, impeding timely diagnosis, timely treatment, and optimal quality of care. A 57-year-old immunocompetent, diabetic female presented with progressive generalised fatiguability, forgetfulness, and subtle behavioural changes for the last one and a half years. MRI revealed an area of gyri from dense post-contrast enhancement in the right posterior parietal region. Her symptoms kept aggravating with periods of partial remission as steroids were being administered. Reasons for delays in diagnosis and hence timely treatment include lack of primary care referral, conflicting neurosurgical opinion, and absence of multidisciplinary team management. A right posterior parietal parasagittal craniotomy was performed to excise the lesion. The patient was subsequently referred for adjuvant therapy. We use our patient's clinical journey to exemplify the structural barriers to providing optimal and timely care for brain tumour patients in a developing country. Primary CNS Lymphomas in immunocompetent patients are rare. Poor infrastructure and referral pathways contribute to delayed diagnosis. Lack of multi-disciplinary care owing to organisational issues is a major problem faced by brain tumour patients in a lower-middle-income country like ours. Brain tumour management requires a specialist multidisciplinary team approach to ensure timely diagnosis and optimal treatment

The coronavirus disease emerged at the end of 2019 from Wuhan, China, and ultimately resulted in pandemic. It is a single positive-sense RNA virus spreading from person to person through contact in any form. Bats are the natural hosts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. SARS-CoV-2 has the largest genome as compared to all RNA virus present so far. Spike proteins are responsible for their entrance into the human body. Social distancing and quarantine resulted in the best possible prevention for the less transmission of coronavirus. We performed a narrative review to describe its origin, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, social implications, future possibilities, treatment, and vaccination.

E. coli and L. monocytogenes are all dairy product related pathogens. The presence of these pathogens can lead to contamination. To increase the shelf life of yogurt we have to monitor the temperature at which it is stored, the change in microbial counts, pH, acidity, sensory attributes and percentage of free whey. Adaptation Test Acid demonstrates that the microorganisms such as Salmonella spp., E. coli, and L. monocytogenes are frequently identified to have a higher survival rate in meals when compared with non-adopted ones. When they are exposed to unfavorable growth circumstances such as severely acidic environments. In this study, we evaluated the survival of wild and adapted L. monocytogenes strains, inoculated at the same concentration around 4 log cfu/g; a slow decrease in the loads was observed until d 28 in unflavored inoculated with the wild strain. Three different experiments are performed on yogurt to evaluate the difference between flavored and unflavored yogurt, shelf life of them at different temperatures and to determine the role of E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes and see what changes it brings to the composition of yogurt. First trial is performed at three different temperatures. These are at 4, 8 and 20°C. Both flavored and unflavored yogurt sample showed low viable counts at 4°C until the end of trial. While performing this trial at 4°C the loads are lower in strawberry yogurts as compared to that of unflavored yogurt because potassium sorbate is present in fruit pure and anti-microbial activity is exerted by that. In second trial, E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes are added to the yogurt sample at two concentrations which 2 and 5 log cfu/g which will show a rapid decrease in acidic conditions in both flavored and unflavored yogurt samples. Listeria monocytogenes is very resistant in this case and presence of it can always be seen until the end period. In the third trial, the adaption of the yogurt sample is monitored after the inoculation of microorganisms in it. Between the wild acid adapted strains of L. monocytogenes no statistically significant difference is detected and that must be because to the quick adaption after the inoculation. Pasteurization is one of the main processes which are used to make the dairy products pathogen free and the basic functioning of it is through temperature and discussed in the paper.