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Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a vital element in the etiology of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. This research aimed to determine the frequency, distribution, and determinants of HP infection in adults and adolescents with gastric symptoms in district Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This cross-sectional study was performed from June 2018 to June 2020 at the Medical Laboratory Technology Department, The University of Haripur, Pakistan. Presence of HP was a research variable, while sex, age groups, education status, overcrowding, dining habits, milk intake, drinking water source and animal contact were grouping variables. Immuno-chromatographic technique (ICT) was used to for serological detection of HP antibodies. All variables were represented by frequency and percentage with 95%CI. Prevalence of HP and its distribution by eight socio-demographic variables was testified by the chi-square goodness-of-fit test while association was testified by chi-square test of association. Out of total 1160 cases, 557 (48%) were positive for HP. Population prevalence was higher in men, in the age group 20-40 years, illiterate, family size ≤ 10 persons, taking restaurant food, using tetra pack, using municipal water, and having animal contact. The observed prevalence of HP was similar to its expected prevalence in the population. The observed distribution of HP in the sample was different from its expected distribution in population by eight socio-demographic variables. Presence of HP was associated with all eight socio-demographic variables besides age groups.

Vernal Kerato-conjunctivitis (VKC) is an allergic illness that affects the eyes and causes the inflammation of conjunctiva, which is commonly bilateral. If left untreated, it may lead to serious consequences such as redness, stinging, and watering of the eyes, resulting from papillae, Horner-Trantas spots, and punctate epithelial lesions. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of VKC in the Out-Patient Department (OPD) of Ophthalmology at the District Headquarter Hospital, Sheikhupura. VKC was diagnosed in 40 individuals between May and June of 2021. The majority of them were young men who were less than 20 years old. Indeed, it was found that VKC is more prevalent in children and men. Around 57.5% of children in our study were boys, whereas 42.5% were girls. Almost every single one of them was less than twenty years of age. Among the various age groups, it was found that the age group (6-10 years, n=18) had the highest prevalence of VKC cases, followed by the age group (n=11) (1-5 years). To prevent patients from developing illness consequences that negatively impact their quality of life, VKC must be handled promptly and with diligent follow-up. To conclude, the current study found that VKC in Pakistan follows a pattern similar to other tropical nations, with male predominance and higher prevalence during infancy and puberty.

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