Ocular surface diseases, including conjunctivitis, are recognized as a common comorbidity in atopic dermatitis (AD) and occur at an increased frequency in AD patients treated with biologics targeting interleukin-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) or IL-13. However, the inflammatory mechanisms underlying this pathology are unknown. Here, we developed a novel mouse model of skin inflammation-evoked conjunctivitis and showed that it is dependent on CD4 + T cells and basophils. Blockade of IL-4Rα partially attenuated conjunctivitis development, downregulated basophil activation and led to a reduction in expression of genes related to type 2 cytokine responses. Together, these data suggest that an IL-4Rα-basophil axis plays a role in the development of murine allergic conjunctivitis. Interestingly, we found a significant augmentation of a number of genes that encode tear proteins and enzymes in anti-IL-4Rα-treated mice, which may underlie the partial efficacy in this model and may represent candidate mediators of the increased frequency of conjunctivitis following dupilumab in AD patients.

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Although there is general consensus that self-report measures are reliable in offspring identification of parental problem drinking, studies in which these measures are used differ in two important ways: 1) different self-report measures are used across investigations, and 2) when identical measures are used, idiosyncratic cutoff criteria are employed. The purpose of this study was to compare five self-report measures commonly used in college-age populations to identify problem-drinking parents. When the most conservative criterion was employed, each of the five measures identified similar percentages of offspring as having problem-drinking parents (10% for fathers and 4% for mothers). Interrelationships among the five measures were examined, and each method appeared to contribute both to the common and unique variance of the construct "parental problem drinking." Therefore no one measure can capture all aspects of a parent's drinking problem as reported by their offspring.

An important source of dissonance in couples' conflicts isthe projection of uncomfortablefeelings, resulting from earlydevelopmental deficits, into the partner WMen the partner isunable to contain the projected feelings (i.e. to tolerate, tounderstand, and to transmute them), greater conflictensues, often leading the couple to psychotherapy. In couplestherapy, the therapist is often called to contain the couple'sfeelings. When the therapist is unable to do so because ofcountertransference feelings, the projected feelings are oftenunconsciously introduced through a parallel process intosupervision. When supervisors are able to contain the projections they (a) model containment ofprojectedfeelings and(b) help supervisees understand the meaning of the couple'sprojected feelings.