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for my enrichment and growth as a researcher. I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Rasul Ramji for his guidance and encouragement in personal and professional matters. I am also thankful to colleagues, classmates, and faculty in the UPA department who made this experience enjoyable and contributed to a supportive learning environment. My colleagues Dr. Emmanuel Frimpong Boamah, Dr. Wes Grooms, and Matthew Fischer were especially helpful with their contributions in reviewing and editing written work, as well as in our discussions throughout the years. I would like to thank my family and loved ones whose thoughts and good wishes uplifted and comforted me in this journey. I am infinitely grateful to my mother, Khairun, for her unwavering love and support in every moment. I dedicate this dissertation to her.

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