This study analyzed the impact of urbanization and the level of economic development on CO 2 emissions using the STIRPAT model and provincial panel data for China. This study classified the 29 provinces of China into three groups (eastern, central, and western regions) and examined regional differences in the environmental impacts of urbanization and economic development levels. The results demonstrated that there was an inverted U-shaped relationship between urbanization and CO 2 emissions in the central and western regions of China.However, we did not confirm the environmental Kuznets curve relationship between urbanization and CO 2 emissions in eastern China, where CO 2 emissions increase monotonically with urbanization. This study showed that the impacts of urbanization differ considerably. There was a U-shaped relationship between economic growth and CO 2 emissions. However, the point of inflexion was very low, which indicates that economic growth will promote CO 2 emissions in China. The share of the industry output value had a marginal incremental effect on CO 2 emissions. There was a decreasing effect of population scale on CO 2 emissions. Energy efficiency is the main factor that restrains CO 2 emissions, and the effect was higher in regions with low energy efficiency.

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This article applies heterogeneous firm trade theory, developed for the manufacturing sector, to the hotel and tourism industry to detect expansion among star-rated hotels in the context of inbound tourism development at the macro level. This article adopts both a traditional ordinary least squares (OLS) panel model and a threshold panel model using data from 31 administrative regions (provinces) in China during the 2004-2013 period. The results reveal remarkable and significant nonlinear relationships between star-rated hotel expansion and inbound tourism development, thereby offering sound evidence supporting the research hypotheses. Star-rated hotel expansion in most provinces clusters in the standardized threshold between 0.48 and 0.83, while only a few hotels have realized 'leapfrog development' thus far. In addition, as in the particular case of star-rated hotels, inbound tourism development should be promoted through investments in human resources rather than through the exploitation of natural tourism resource endowments. The implications of our results are that rational development plans can be made according to different expansion levels of star-rated hotels in corresponding regions, when both hotel labour productivity and macro tourism environment are considered.

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In the working process of textured sliding-mode Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG), triboelectrification and wear occur simultaneously. At present, there is no systematic research on how the size of surface texture affects surface wear and output performance. In this paper, polymer surface with cylindrical texture of different pitches was prepared by photolithography and replication technology. According to the experimental results, the relationship between surface charge density and normal load of textured PI films was determined. Then the wear and electrostatic field of textured sliding-mode TENG were simulated by finite element method. The results show that the surface charge density increases with the contact load. And the open-circuit voltage of the sliding-mode TENG increases with the sliding distance given in this paper. The reason is that the height of textures in the separation zone is higher, which is caused by the shorter in-friction time and less wear, leading to the increased contact load in the next full-contact state. Therefore, more charges caused by the increased contact load tend to induce the higher output voltage. Moreover, textured surface with small pitch has better wear resistance and output characteristics. This research can provide an analytical method and basis for designing of surface texture in sliding-mode TENG.