Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein and its functional form has a tetrameric structure. This structure is the result of a combination of four sub-units called globin and indicates the dynamic interaction between them. Each subunit has a ring-shaped organic molecule called a heme that contains an iron atom; Heme is a group that mediates the reversible binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. This research was performed to observe the image of Hb by an atomic force microscope (AFM) and measure the physical function of athletes. For this purpose, based on the principle of AFM imaging, the hemoglobin crosslinking method was used to measure the morphology and size of cross-linked Hb, glutaraldehyde and Hb diameter were detected to prepare cross-linked Hb samples with different molar ratio, the activity of peroxidase was detected by Trinder reaction. The AFM was used to detect the influence of physiological environment changes such as pH, temperature, oxygen partial pressure and osmotic pressure on the absorption spectrum of Hb imaging. Results showed that the size of the uncrosslinked Hb was 6.64 nm. With the increase of the molar ratio of glutaraldehyde to Hb, the number of Hb molecules involved in the crosslinking increased, and the molecular size increased. During the crosslinking process, the aggregation of the cross-linked molecules would make the particle size of some Hb molecules reach 80-100 nm. The peak height, peak position and peak shape of the characteristic absorption peaks of pH to hemoglobin at 550 and 589 nm occurred. When the temperature changes continuously in the range of 30-55℃, the peak height of Hb absorption spectrum of normal red blood cells at 550 nm and 589 nm decreases gradually with the increase of temperature, and the peak shape at 610 nm changes obviously at 42℃, which indicates that the molecular structure of Hb changes; the absorption spectrum curve of deoxygenation disappears at 500 nm, the oxygen-binding capacity of Hb is very low, and the oxygen affinity and oxygenated hemoglobin are low (The concentration of HbO2) decreased, the osmotic pressure increased, the RBC dehydrated, the volume decreased, and the concentration of Hb increased. Conclusion: It is more accurate and comprehensive to use AFM to observe athletes' hemoglobin.

Background and Objectives: Osteoarthritis is an inflammatory and degenerative joint disease, causing pain, musculoskeletal disorders and would affect functionality, daily life activities and quality of life. Comparing the effects of ultrasound and microwave physiotherapy treatments on knee osteoarthritis by measuring osteocalcin level and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in blood. Methods: In a cross-sectional study conducted in in Hawler teaching hospital and Rzgari teaching hospital over the period December 2018 to May 2019, 30 patients with knee joint osteoarthritis were recruited. Half of them were provided with ultrasound physiotherapy treatment, and half with microwave physiotherapy treatment. The level of serum osteocalcin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in blood were measured in both groups before and after the treatment with lasted for one month. The collected data were analyzed through paired and independent samples t-test using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 18). Results: Most of the patients (73.3%) were females. Right knee osteoarthritis was the most prevalent with 13 patients, followed by bilateral knee osteoarthritis with 10 cases, and left knee osteoarthritis with 7 patients. The results indicated that ultrasound physiotherapy treatment had a significant effect on the level of serum osteocalcin (p=0.01) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in blood (p=0.000). It was also seen that microwave physiotherapy treatment had a significant effect on erythrocyte sedimentation rate in blood (p=0.000), while its effect on the level of serum osteocalcin was not significant (p=0.53). Conclusion: Based on the data collected from the present study, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that ultrasound and microwave physiotherapy interventions can reduce pain and improve function in those with knee OA.

Background: Radiation is a radiation dose rate at a specified location which is generated by any combination of natural and artificial (man-made) ionizing radiation sources. Background radiation varies with location and time. The global average exposure of humans to ionizing radiation is about 2.4 -3mSv (0.0024-0.003Sv) per year. Objective: To detect, and calculate the total cumulative dose of radiation exposure in the center of the store and outside by moving the detector " portable PalmRAD" away from a source. Patients and Methods: By using portable PalmRAD 907 Nuclear Radiation Meter to detect, and calculate the total cumulative dose of radiation exposure in the center of the store and outside by moving the detector " portable PalmRAD" away from a source. the study was conducted in 2015, the first of March up until June. Results: The findings indicate that approximately 100% of students, academic staff or public in general are exposed to radiation near the store`s window (3.5 m from the store center), and the estimated total cumulative dose of radiation exposure exceeded (13 µ Sv / day) and compare this finding with the standards level of radioactive substances, "Cs137" is (8.333 µ Sv / day) or (3000 µ Sv / year) [5, 18]. It is concluded that there is a risk to any low level radionuclide exposure. Conclusion:Low-level radiation can cause many health problems; even any level of radiation can be dangerous. There is always a bad effect of natural background radiation on DNA as well as several measures of health.

Khudhur et al.: Evaluation of Hemato-Biochemical Parameters of Indomie NoodlesThe Indomie noodles are an instant noodle sold dried in packets or cups. The noodles are quick and easy to make and can be eaten as a snack or part of the main meal. This study was designed to examine the possible effect of different levels of Indomie noodles on the hematological biochemical profile, organosomatic index and male fertility indices in healthy adult albino rats. In an experimental study, twenty male rats of average weight 115 g (divided into four groups) and twenty female rats of average weight 100 g (divided into four groups). Each group consists of five rats. Group A is the control group and was fed with standard rat feed. In contrast, groups B, C and D were supplied with 25 %, 50 % and 75 % Indomie instant noodles cooked and spiced with the seasoning. The administration was carried out for 8 w. The result showed that the body weight, expressed as growth rate, showed that rats exposed to the 75 % Indomie noodle formulated diets had significantly minimum growth rates than controls and other two different groups. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the organosomatic index (kidney, liver, brain and testes) of rats fed on a diet containing 75 % Indomie noodles. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in lymphocytes percentage, with a decrease in monocytes and granulocyte percentages compared to the control group. Red blood cell indices examination showed a reduction in mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin and mean cell hemoglobin concentration value. A diet containing 75 % Indomie noodles appeared to the highest significant decrease in total serum protein and serum uric acid with a significant increase of alkaline phosphatase and blood urea at 25 %, 50 % and 75 % in comparison to the control group. However, aspartate aminotransferase results show a significant difference at 75 % compared to 0 %. On the other, evaluation of various sperm parameters showed there was a significant reduction in sperm concentration, motility and viability between treated groups in comparison to the untreated group in response to an increase in the percent of Indomie noodles in the diet and their plasma testosterone levels of the treated groups decreased insignificantly than those of the control group.

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