Abstract.An understanding of the infectious and parasitic avian disease organisms that are present in Japan and surrounding areas is an essential conservation tool. This paper provides an overview of infectious and parasitic avian disease organisms (e.g. viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, arthropods), and outlines and discusses briefly potential strategies for risk reduction.

Uchida et al ．［ 1］ and Hasegawa and Asakawa ［ 2 コ isted about 400 helminth species obtained from Japanese birds ， including domestic fowl and experimental hosts， and several cases of helminthiasis 、 including fatal ones 、 have been reported in Japan ［ 3， 4］ ．Among them 、 cases involving captive and ／ or wild avian species kept in zoolog 童 cal gardens or breeding centers were reported ， but since there are very few reports about the cases in captivity L5 −10 ］ 、 it is dif 看cult to provide an epidemiological overview of parasitic diseases of the birds excluding the case of ratites ［ ll］ ． Effective prevention of disease outbreaks needs to be based on such an overview ． Fortunately ． a co − operative pr 〔) ject enable taxonomical studies on the parasitic helminths obtained fJ ℃ m captive avian species kept ln zoologi ⊂al gardens and ／ or exhibition facilities in Kinki Districtin jn western Japan． The occurrence of host pathogenic helminths among them are Cliscussed from epidemiological viewpoint ． MATERIALS ANDMETHODS Parasitic helminths were obtained frorn captive and ／ or wild

Abstract. A parasitological survey was performed on 11 species of birds introduced into Japan: Cygnus olor, Branta canadensis mo$tti, Cairina moschata domestica, Phasianus colchicus karpowi, Bambusicola thoracica, Pavo cristatus, Psittacula krameri manillensis, Pycnonotus sinensis, Garrulax canorus, Leiothrix lutea, Lonchura malacca. A total of 17 taxa of external and internal parasites, including one protozoan (Eimeria sp.), five nematodes (Eucoleus perforans, Amidostomum anseris, Pseudaspidodera pavonis, Heterakis gallinarum and Synhimantus (Dispharynx) nasuta), four trematodes (Echinochasmus sp., Amphimerus anatis, Tanaisia sp. and Dicrocoeliidae gen. sp.), one cestode (unidentified) and six arthropods (Goniodes pavonis, Lipeurus maculosus, Ixodes turdus, Haemaphysalis flava, Leptotrombidium scutellare and Mouchetia sp.) were obtained and identified. Among the obtained parasites, Dicrocoeliidae gen. sp., I. turdus and L. scutellare from L. lutea, and Tanaisia sp. and L. scutellare from G. canorus, are the first host records, while P. pavonis and G. pavonis are the first geographical records from Japan.

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Seven species of the order Anseriformes (Mergus merganser ，〃 elanitta nigra ， A nas ptatyr − hynchos，、4． cre'ca ， Aix galericulata ，(： ygnus bewicleii ， and C ． cygnus ＞，collected in Hokkaido ， Japan， were examined helminthologically in order to obtain parasitic nematodes ． A total of five nematode species was obtained ． These were ： Pseerdocapittan ' a mergi (from A ． crec'α and C ． aygnms)， Contracaecum sp ．(from 砿 merganser) ，ん nidostomum 砌 s酪 (from A ．ρ 吻 励 os ， C ．∂鋤 ' kii and C ． aygnus)， Tetrameres 万s ・ siSpina (from 、 4． platy 吻 nchos)，and Physaloptera sp ．(from ／1． crecca)． The records of both P ． mergi and 〆 1．砌 5師 ∫ were the first from Japan ， while the records of T ， fssiSpina and Physaloptera sp ． involved new hosts ． Among these five nematodes ， A ．αηsθ腐 seems to be one of the most common occurring among the Anatidae of Hokkaido， Key Words ：Anseriformes ， PseudocapiUan ' a 〃 lergi ，ん nidostomum ση sθ万s ， Tetrameres万∬ ゆ 吻 ， first