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Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) receptors with an N-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain sense pathogen effectors to enable TIR-encoded NADase activity for immune signaling. TIR-NLR signaling requires helper NLRs N requirement gene 1 (NRG1) and Activated Disease Resistance 1 (ADR1), and Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 (EDS1) that forms a heterodimer with each of its paralogs Phytoalexin Deficient 4 (PAD4) and Senescence-Associated Gene101 (SAG101). Here, we show that TIR-containing proteins catalyze production of 2'-(5′'-phosphoribosyl)-5′-adenosine mono-/di-phosphate (pRib-AMP/ADP) in vitro and in planta . Biochemical and structural data demonstrate that EDS1-PAD4 is a receptor complex for pRib-AMP/ADP, which allosterically promote EDS1-PAD4 interaction with ADR1-L1 but not NRG1A. Our study identifies TIR-catalyzed pRib-AMP/ADP as a missing link in TIR signaling via EDS1-PAD4 and as likely second messengers for plant immunity.

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