We identified that change from baseline in the mean number of incontinence episodes in 24 h should serve as a relatively stable endpoint. In contrast, we identified factors influencing other endpoints, and the identified factors should be taken into account when planning and conducting future clinical trials.

Our findings suggest that volume voided per micturition is a useful symptom for evaluating OAB candidate compounds in a small sample size and represents an effective primary endpoint, especially in exploratory clinical trials.