Cigarette smoking was found to be an independent risk factor for periodontal disease and tooth loss. Alcohol consumption was a limited risk factor for tooth loss in the younger age group, but was unrelated to periodontal disease. To prevent periodontal disease and tooth loss, health practitioners need to encourage people to stop smoking or not to start.

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Having 20 or more natural teeth was associated with increased survival rate in elderly males, but not among the elderly females.

There was a gradient in periodontal status by job classification. Professional and office workers had better periodontal status than salespersons, service occupations and drivers.

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