Inaccessible points are difficult to measure because the prism cannot be position in these points, so reflector-less total station has solved this problem and these points can be measured easily. But the vital question is, if these measurements are accurate and reliable. This research has carried out to identify the vital methods measurements that have to be done to identify the reliability and the exact accuracy of the reflector-less measurements. Results are not general for all total station types because each instrument has its own specifications, and the continues use of the instrument (old used instruments) could affect the accuracy of measurements. In the third world countries or in specific in our cities, old version surveying instruments are still used in most projects. In some projects specially in high accuracy projects (such as bridges monitoring by using total station), it is important to know the exact distance that errors are going to be introduced by using reflector less total station (the distance between the target and the instrument). By identifying the limitations, the errors can be avoided, and the required accuracy can be obtained. In this research many observations in different locations are carried out in two situations, the first one by using prism and the second one by using reflector-less mode to compare between them. This study has identified many aspects include: the effects of beam divergence and the incidence angle on the accuracy and reliability of the measurements. In addition, the limitation of the reflector-less technology when the high accuracy is required. Furthermore, it has suggested the solution to this problem. In this research methods measurements to exam the reliability and the exact accuracy of the reflector-less measurements have been identified for total station Topcon ES-103, and these methods could be used to any type of total station before start in any high accuracy project. When the reflector-less measurements limitations are identified, the errors could be avoided.

Over the last two decades, the electronic equipment has increased dramatically around the world, which causes increasing in e-waste as well. This increasing has affected the environment badly. E-waste disposal has become one of the most critical issues and concerns have raised of it because most of these products do not biodegrade easily and they are toxic. Different strategies have been followed in many countries in order to solve the e-waste problem. Understanding these strategies can help to plan better for e-waste management correctly. Awareness of people about the e-waste impacts is crucial, because it can ensure people participation in managing the e waste process. This research has carried out in order to introduce to the e-waste impacts on environment and human health, and the importance of people awareness about these impacts. In addition, it shows many strategies that have been used in different countries to manage the e-waste, choosing the successful one to focus in order to benefit from it. Furthermore, a surveying has been carried out to exam people awareness in Iraq about the e-waste impacts. Finally, recommendations to manage e-waste successfully have been added.

Green technology can be defined as the use of science and technology to create products that are less harmful to the environment. It is environmentally friendly, the aim of it is to protect the environment. It can also refer to clean energy productions, which means using alternative technology and fuels that do not harm the environment. This technology includes infrastructure tech, which uses to create clean energy, recycle waste, purify water and natural resources conservation, and so on. Many countries are looking to support the growth of the economy and improve their citizens lives to live in a healthy environment without harming the planet, and this can be done by having a full understanding of this tech. In this research, a survey has been done to exam the community awareness about green technology in three cities in Iraq. The result shows that most people from different generations are not aware of this technology. As a result of this surveying, a few recommendations have been suggested to raise awareness about this technology importance, especially for future generations. In addition, the advantages of it have been introduced to have full understand of green tech and adopted it in the community.

One of the most important aims of incident management is the clearance of the incident scene as fast as possible. The accident Investigation provides physical evidence at the accident site for the investigators. This physical evidence is much more reliable than the witness's statements and they are very crucial for the incident reconstruction. The cars accidents investigation is a dangerous activity, so it should be undertaken with suitable, accurate, and fast equipment. Many law enforcement agencies in the world have used different surveying techniques for accident investigations including the coordinate method, total station, photogrammetry, laser scanner, etc. Therefore, this research has been carried out in order to introduce the benefits of using surveying techniques in traffic accident investigations, and show their impacts on evidence documentation and scene clearance. This is done by focusing on the advantages and the disadvantages of each method based on the relevant works of literature and compares between them. Although comparison result shows that the traditional method(coordinate method) is simpler and cheaper than other methods, surveying techniques methods are safer, and faster in clearing the accident scene, fewer investigators are needed, the scale can be provided directly, high accuracy measurements can be obtained, and three dimensions models can be produced. So it's worth using the surveying equipment in cars accidents investigations.