Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with the diameter ranging from 50 to 100 nm and are found in different body fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine and saliva. Like in case of various diseases, based on the parent cells, the content of exosomes (protein, mRNA, miRNA, DNA, lipids and metabolites) varies and thus can be utilized as potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of the brain diseases. Furthermore, utilizing the natural potential exosomes to cross the blood–brain barrier and by specifically decorating it with the ligand as per the desired brain sites therapeutics can be delivered to brain parenchyma. This review article conveys the importance of exosomes and their use in the treatment and diagnosis of brain/central nervous system diseases. Graphical abstract

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The aim of the present study was to formulate a fluconazole cream for the treatment of Candida albicans. The optimized cream formulation was prepared using stearic acid, oleic acid, beeswax and borax. The uniform distribution of the active ingredient fluconazole could be confirmed in all formulated creams. The FC-C-C formulation showed satisfactory spreadability and extrudability. FC-C-C delivered (95.07 ± 15.85)% in only 36 h, and the formulation released the drug by an anomalous diffusion mechanism. The viscosity of FC-C-C was found to be (63.20 ± 0.83) cP. The antifungal study and animal studies confirmed that the prepared formulation is non-irritant and has an enhanced antifungal activity that reduces the side effects of fluconazole. The studies confirm that the prepared formulation may be useful for the treatment of Candida albicans.

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