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This paper analyzes various international joint operation organization (IJO) structure designs of infrastructure projects in Indonesia. Organization structures of important infrastructure projects are studied. Surveys are conducted to collect primary and secondary data that also include interviews with key persons in each project’s management team. The results show that both integrated and non-integrated joint operation organizations exist in these infrastructure construction projects. The organization structure adopted depends on the type of the project, complexity of the construction, and type of joint operation agreements between partners. Authority distribution in each type of organization structure is also studied. In some cases, a shift in organization structures happened. It is revealed that more complicated construction projects mostly adopt a non-integrated IJO organization where the foreign partners have the responsibility to execute high technology construction parts. The position of General Manager in the two IJO organization types is mostly held by a foreign partner officer.

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The problem of waste is very worrying because it has a direct impact on humans, especially the inclusion of plastic elements in the human body through fish and food exposed to microplastic. One way to overcome the problem of waste is to reduce waste from its source by sorting methods from the source and managed further through the process of recycling or upcycling into new products. Reducing waste from its source by sorting and then saving it in a Waste Bank is one promising breakthrough and can encourage people to actively participate in environmental management. The purpose of this study was to obtain a mapping model of the waste management service area in the city of Manado as needed. The research data was obtained through research on smash applications for waste banks supporting field research through observation and interviews. Data was analyzed by mapping the position of waste banks in the city of Manado. Furthermore, comparing the three garbage banks in Manado city to find a pattern of waste bank management with various indicators. The results of the study indicate that the current mapping of the position of waste banks in Manado consists of the center, the suburbs and outside the city. Furthermore, the results of the comparison of the three garbage banks conclude that the most effective waste bank is a waste bank in a residential area. An effective waste bank is one of the strategies for implementing 3R (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle) in waste management at its source at the community level. The implementation of the waste bank in principle is a social engineering to invite the public to sort out waste for environmental sustainability and public welfare.

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