Because of the increased emphasis on prevention and early detection of cervical cancer, we studied the effects of 2 educational methods on the knowledge, attitude, and practice, as regards prevention of cervical cancer, of women high school teachers in Tabriz. This study was a semiexperimental research. Samples were 129 female teachers divided in 3 groups: experimental 1 (educated by pamphlets), experimental 2 (educated by a lecture and flash cards), and control group (not manipulated). After doing pretest in the 3 groups, investigators used 2 educational methods for experimental groups. Data regarding the knowledge and attitude of 3 groups were gathered after 14 days and data regarding practice were gathered after 2 months. Chi-square and 1-way ANOVA were used for data analysis. Before education, knowledge, attitude, and practice of the 3 groups were the same, but after education there were significant differences in mean scores of knowledge and attitude of 2 experimental groups as compared with the control group and also between the 2 experimental groups (P < .001). Education by lecture and flash cards was more effective than by pamphlets. In regard to Pap smear practice, there was a significant difference between the 2 experimental groups as compared with the control group (P = .001), but there was no significant difference between the 2 experimental groups. Therefore, educational methods were effective on knowledge, attitude, and practice of teachers regarding prevention of cervical cancer and education by lecture and flash cards was more effective than by pamphlets in increasing knowledge and inducing a positive attitude but the 2 educational methods had the same effect on practice of teachers.

Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) and anal incontinence (AI) cause concern, social exclusion, and ultimately reduced quality of life in women. The aim of present study was to assess the prevalence and related risk factors of UI, AI, and pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Methods: The present study recruited 340 menopausal women living in Tabriz in northwest Iran. The data collection tools included the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 and a personal and social information questionnaire. POP was diagnosed via clinical examination using the simplified pelvic organ prolapse quantification system. Results: The prevalence of UI and POP was approximately 50%, and approximately 16% of participants reported AI. Based on the odds ratios, the most remarkable risk factor of urinary stress incontinence was the number of vaginal deliveries, whereas that of urinary urge incontinence was obesity. Episiotomy and age were the most major risk factors of AI and POP, respectively. Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that the prevalence of POP, UI, and AI is remarkably high among postmenopausal women, warranting the need to prioritize the assessment of POP and various incontinences in middle-aged women in the primary health care system. Furthermore, increased emphasis should be put on modifiable risk factors.

Assessment of the effect of combination of intrathecal midazolam and lidocaine on postoperative pain was the aim of this study. This randomized controlled trial was performed during 2007 in a teaching hospital of Arak University of Medical Sciences. Forty five male patients who were candidates for elective inguinal herniorrhaphy entered the study and randomly divided into three groups of control (lidocaine 5% plus normal saline), M 0.5 (lidocaine 5% and midazolam 0.5 mg) and M 1.0 (lidocaine 5% and midazolam 1 mg) according intrathecal solution injected for spinal anesthesia. Mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, post-operative pain, narcotic requirements and complications (nausea, vomiting, pruritic, headache, hypotension and bradycardia) were recorded. The severity of post-operative pain was lowest in M 1.0 group in all postoperative measurements except at 2 h after operation. With regard of complications, only there was significant difference in vomiting between three groups which had the highest frequency in M 0.5 group. No severe hypotension was seen; though, bradycardia occurred in one patient in M 0.5 group which needed treatment. Present findings suggest that administration of intrathecal midazolam (especially 1 mg) together with lidocaine is effective in reducing post-operative pain in patients undergoing open inguinal herniorrhaphy and is not associated with adverse effect.

Introduction Uterine fibroids are the most common female pelvic tumors occurring in about 15% to 30% of women in the reproductive age. In an epidemiologic study published in 2003 in the United States, 80% of black and nearly 70% of white women were demonstrated to have ultrasound evidence of leiomyomas (1). When fibroids are associated with symptoms such as menorrhagia, congestive dysmenorrhoea, urinary frequency, infertility, and recurrent pregnancy losses, surgical intervention is often indicated (2). To date, there have been many fertility sparing procedures which have been used to alleviate the symptoms and enhance the fertility in women with uterine fibroids. Procedures such as uterine artery embolization (3), myolysis (4), and laparoscopic myomectomy (5,6) have been used in the treatment of uterine fibroids. A number of trials have been carried out to assess the effectiveness and safety of interventions in reducing the blood loss during myomectomy (7). Such interventions include intramyometrial vasopressin (8), intravenous oxytocin (9), tourniquets (10), chemical dissection with sodium-2-mercapto ethane sulfonate (mesna) (11), and intramyometrial bupivacaine plus epinephrine (12). A study was conducted by Ragab and colleagues in 2014 in Saudi Arabia on 69 patients undergoing abdominal myomectomy. It was shown that the use of 400 µg of vaginal or oral misoprostol 60 minutes before myomectomy reduced intraoperative bleeding and operation time (13). Vasopressin has already been shown to decrease blood loss at the time of myomectomy (8,10). Misoprostol is now being used by obstetricians and gynecologists worldwide for the evacuation of the uterus for missed abortions, intrauterine deaths, induction of labor, and the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage (14,15). Its popularity especially in developing countries such as Jamaica may be accounted for the fact that it is able to produce powerful uterine contractions and lead to a reduction in myometrial hemorrhage, while being inexpensive and easy to store. Contrary to a previous study in Turkey (14), we chose to investigate the use of misoprostol in a larger subset of patients in conjunction with oxytocin in a Persian population with a high incidence of myomectomies (8). This surgical procedure (myomectomy) involves a significant risk of hemorrhage (16). Different treatments have been proposed to reduce hemorrhage during myomectomy (17). Oxytocin administration reduces blood loss after delivery and this hormone is widely used to prevent postpartum hemorrhage (9). In this study, we compared the effectiveness of a single preoperative dose of misoprostol with intraoperative oxy-Abstract Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of a single preoperative dose of misoprostol with intraoperative oxytocin infusion in abdominal myomectomies. Materials and Methods: Patients undergoing abdominal myomectomies were divided into 2 groups. An hour before the operation, women in the misoprostol group (n = 35) received a single dose of vaginal misoprostol (400 μg); t...