BACKGROUNDIn the peri-menopausal and post-menopausal women, 70% of the gynaecological problems are due to AUB. In the United States, 11% of the hysterectomies are performed for AUB per year. During climacteric, ovarian activity declines leading to anovulation or irregular maturation of follicles. Therefore, the menstrual cycles are often anovulatory and irregular leading to AUB. Prolonged anovulatory periods with unopposed oestrogen stimulation lead to endometrial hyperplasia. This increases the risk of endometrial cancers. Over a decade the progression of endometrial hyperplasia to carcinoma is as follows: Simple hyperplasia -1%, Complex hyperplasia -3%, Simple hyperplasia with atypia -8% and Complex hyperplasia with atypia 29% [Jeffcoate].

Antioxidants play the essential role in reducing the free radicals. Free radicals can cause various changes in human body from DNA mutation to cell death. Free radical formation form the biological basis of several medical problems including cancer. The antioxidants are useful in preventing the transfer of premalignant lesion to malignancy. Hence are usually prescribed in oral premalignant lesions like leukoplakia, lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis. Antioxidants include beta carotene, carotenoid, vitamin C, vitamin E, trace elements like zinc and selenium. Functions of these antioxidants are discussed here.

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To study the functional outcome of Hybrid external fixator in Proximal Tibial Fractures Schatzker type 5 and 6 with impending compartment syndrome. Methods: Prospective Interventional Study: A total of 18 patients with Proximal Tibial fractures Schatzker type 5 and 6 with impending compartment syndrome were included in our study. Out of 18 patients, 8 had Proximal tibial fracture Schatzker type 5 and 10 had type 6. Patients were followed up weekly for first month and monthly for 6 months with both clinical examination and imaging. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using Neer's rating system for evaluation of knee. Results:The results -bony union, range of movements, and associated complications were assessed. All fractures united in an average time period of 20 weeks. Excellent outcome was noted in 44%, Good in 33%, fair in 11% and failure in 11% cases. 90% of patients had clinical and radiological union in 20 weeks. Conclusion: Hybrid external fixation is a reliable fracture fixation method that leads to satisfactory functional outcomes, while reducing the infection rate and wound dehiscence, allowing arthroplasty to be performed in the future if needed.

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