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New particle formation (NPF), including initial clustering and subsequent growth of these clusters, is frequently observed worldwide (Kerminen et al., 2018;Nieminen et al., 2018;Zhu et al., 2014). It has been recognized that NPF is a major contributor to the global cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) budget as well as to air pollution, thereby posing a substantial impact on climate change and human health (Gordon et al., 2017;Kulmala et al., 2021). Various nucleation mechanisms have been proposed to cause NPF under diverse continental environments, including binary nucleation of H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O (

Abstract. Below-cloud wet scavenging is an important pathway to remove atmospheric aerosols. The below-cloud wet-scavenging coefficient (BWSC) is the value to describe the ability of rainfall to remove aerosols. The reported BWSCs obtained from the field measurements are much higher than the theory, but the reason for this remains unclear. Based on the long-term field measurements in the Yangtze River Delta of eastern China, we find that 28 % of the rainfall events are high-BWSC events. The high-BWSC events show the sudden decrease in the particle number concentration in all size bins near the end of rainfall. By investigating the simultaneously observed changes in carbon monoxide and aerosol chemical compositions during rainfall events, the circulation patterns, and backward trajectories, we find the cause of the high-BWSC events is the air mass changing but not the wet scavenging. The change in air masses is always followed by the rainfall processes and cannot be screened out by the traditional meteorological criteria, which would cause the overestimation of BWSC. After excluding the high-BWSC events, the observed BWSC is close to the theory and is correlated with the rainfall intensity and particle number concentrations prior to rainfall. This study highlights that the discrepancy between the observed BWSC and the theoretical value may not be as large as is currently believed. To obtain reasonable BWSCs and parameterization from field measurements, the effect of air mass changing during rainfall needs to be carefully considered.