The nematicidal effect of three marine algal, Ulva fasciata Delile (UF) (green algae), Corallina mediterranea, Corallina officinalis (red algae), extracts on egg hatching and second-stage juveniles (J 2 ) mortality of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in vitro compared to the nematicide activity of Oxamyl 24% SL (5 ml/l) was investigated. Results revealed that all treatments at the applied concentrations suppressed the egg hatching in 3 days. In details, the algal strain Ulva fasciata Delile extract showed the highest activity in decreasing the eggs hatchability after 3 days with 87%. Consequently, all treatments significantly increased the mortality of J 2 larvae after 12, 24, and 48 h compared to the control treated with distilled water. Under greenhouse conditions, all treatments in inoculated soils cultivated with tomato plants had reduced numbers of galls, egg-masses/plant, and the number of J 2 /250 g than the non-inoculated soil. The algal extract and the Oxamyl 24% SL (5 ml/l) increased the length and fresh weight of plant shoots and roots than the untreated. However, there were no differences in shoots and roots fresh weights and their lengths in the plant treated with Oxamyl 24% SL (5 ml/l) or the extracts of U. fasciata and Corallina officinalis. These results were closely similar to control. Both of peroxidase and polyphenol enzymes activity for the control plants remained relatively stable, while the activity of the two enzymes in the plant inoculated with the nematode decreased during 2 to 18 day post inoculation (dpi). These activities increased in inoculated plants treated with C. officinalis, C. mediterranea, and U. fasciata extracts and the other plants treated with Oxamyl 24% SL (5 ml/l). The maximum activity of the three enzymes was recorded at 5 dpi after treatment with U. fasciata.

Neoplasms developed in 18 of 98 toads, Bufo regularis, subjected to enforced feeding with bracken fern. They comprise 7 cases of adenocarcinoma in the ileum, 16 cases of hepatomas in the liver and 6 cases of neoplasms in the kidney due to metastases from the hepatomas. The results demonstrate that the Egyptian toad can be considered as an advantageous model for detecting the carcinogenicity of bracken fern, since the lesions occur faster than in other experimental animals.

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Two maize populations (GE440 £ Sd7 and NC300 £ Gm1002) were used in this study. Molecular markers like simple sequence repeat (SSR) and sequence-tagged site (STS) were used to identify resistance genes linked to Fusarium ear rot (Fusarium verticillioides). Also, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was used to detect resistance genes on maize chromosomes. The co-dominant microsatellite markers (bnlg1063, umc2082, bnlg1621, umc2013, bnlg1740, umc2059 and SSR85) and STS (STS06) were amplified polymorphic bands and candidate markers linked to Fusarium ear rot resistance genes in maize. Seven QTLs were identified ranging from 2 to 7 for each trait. QTLs were distributed on two chromosomes and associated with grain yield/main ear and 100 kernel weight. The present study indicated that microsatellite and STS primers might be useful for developing improved cultivars.