No abstract

The economy of Georgia had corruptive characteristics at the end of the last century and that has largely contributed to the existence of high-scaled shadow economy. Tax avoidance by entrepreneurs is onsidered to be the main cause of shadow economy (Gabidzashvili, Kbiladze, 2010). The methodological measurement and assessment of the shadow economy is characterized by certain peculiarities; therefore, we have aimed to examine and assess the scale of shadow economy and its impact on the overall economy of Georgia. The research shows several di_erences between real indicators, obtained by interviewers using hidden chronometry, and those indicators declared by entrepreneurs (the non-traditional method of research). The differences reveal unregistered micro-level economy, and provide the basis for determining the scale of shadow economy on the macroeconomic level. This problem was discussed several times by the president of Georgia. The research uses methods of average values, time series and the correlation-regression analysis of data. The study allowed us to identify the pattern of shadow economy reduction in Georgia during recent years and its shifting from the illegal to legal sectors, also, the maintenance of same trends before 2020.

The present article describes the approaches and definition of the concept of uncertainty proposed by its authors, a quantitative evaluation of uncertainty, and materials of the empirical study used to explore the said issues on the example of macroeconomics of Georgia. We hope that the views given in the article will be useful for developing countries, particularly for the economic policy-makers in the post-communist states, as well as for the academic and scientific circles engaged in the studies of the above-listed issues.

European Post-Soviet states are characterized with global economic crisis. Therefore, it's very urgent to study the problems of employment and especially women's employment in the context of their reproductive behavior considering the bad demographic situation. Women's labor and public activities often counteract. Such activities prevent women from carrying out family duties. The term "double employment" is often used in the context of women. It implies the double function of women: public and domestic. Transition to market economy brought on equality of men and women and provoked the changes of lifestyle and values. Traditional roles of men and women have changed together with the transformation of mentality. Existing conditions further worsen the poor demographic situation, birthrate decreases and what is the most important, women are less inclined to reproduce. It's desirable to change public opinion about women's labor, as well as stereotypes about women or men. In this case women's public activities and maternal functions will merge efficiently. Reproductive function is one of the most significant components to survive Georgian gene pool and traditions. The type of the article: Theoretical article.

This article covers the following problematic issue: how to predict uncertainties modeling the brand vulnerability? In order to solve the problematic issue a method of brand vulnerability prediction is substantiated theoretically also the empirical methods assisting in implementing them are identified. After carrying out the empirical method based on the Lithuanian market of mass cosmetic products uncertainties modeling brand vulnerability in the mentioned market for the year of 2020 are identified.