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Strongly fluorescent graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been prepared by one-step solvothermal method with PL quantum yield as high as 11.4%. The GQDs have high stability and can be dissolved in most polar solvents. Because of fine biocompatibility and low toxicity, GQDs are demonstrated to be excellent bioimaging agents.

We clarified the chemical structure of typical “bottom-up” CDs and proved that IPCA is the molecular state photoluminescence center.