Tea is the most common beverage used in everyday life by everyone. Tea contains a large number of possibly bioactive chemicals, including flavonoids, amino acids, vitamins, caffeine and several polysaccharides. It has been suggested that green and black tea may protect against cancer, though the catechins found in green tea are thought to be more effective in preventing certain obesity-related cancers such as liver and colorectal cancer, while both green and black teas may protect against cardiovascular disease. Negative effects of tea drinking are centered around the consumption of sugar used to sweeten the tea. Those who consume very large quantities of brick tea may experience fluorosis. Numerous recent epidemiological studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of green tea consumption on the incidence of human cancers. These studies suggest significant protective effects of green tea against oral, pharyngeal, oesophageal, prostate, digestive, urinary tract, pancreatic, bladder, skin, lung, colon, breast, and liver cancers, and lower risk for cancer metastasis and recurrence and a variety of health effects have been proposed and investigated .In present study six tea samples of different brands (Broke Bond Taza, Dhadkan, Patakha, Razana, Red lebel and Tata tea) were analysed for Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr and Ca. Trace metals like Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr and Ca were found to be within the permissible limit given by WHO.

Background: A ventral hernia is when an abdominal viscus or a portion of it protrudes through the anterior abdominal wall anywhere other than the groin. The aim is to compare the effectiveness of ventral hernia repair by laparoscopic vs. open repair in patients admitted from the Department of Surgery. Materials and Methods: This is a hospital-based comparative study on patients with ventral hernias compared to a study of the efficacy of laparoscopic vs open ventral hernia repair on patients admitted in various surgical units in SKIMS medical college. Results: Laparoscopic procedure in ventral hernia has shown promising results and is being widely accepted. Laparoscopic repair of hernia though requires increased operative time in the beginning but with experience over time and improved skills the time duration was significantly reduced, it results in shorter hospital stay, ICU stay, and lower short-term complications (Pain) when compared to open repair. Conclusion:The majority of studies conducted across the world have demonstrated that laparoscopic ventral hernia repair offers promising outcomes and a distinct benefit in terms of less post-operative discomfort, shorter hospital stays, quicker return to normal activities, and higher rates of cosmetic success. Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair is therefore a safe and practical substitute for open treatment. The study's cost may be its primary disadvantage, but since our hospital is a government facility, this is not a major issue. However, because it shortens hospital stays, an earlier return to normal life may be possible at the same cost as open surgery. The study's limitation is the little time frame used to evaluate recurrence rates.

Introduction: Lung cancer was considered to be rare at the beginning of the 20 th century, but it has now reached almost epidemic proportions. It is the leading cause of cancer deaths in developed countries and is also rising at alarming rates in developing countries.Aim: The aim of our study is to establish an effect on serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) after surgery in lung cancer patients.Methods: This was a prospective study. For the estimation of VEGF, 50 lung cancer patients were studied. Both preoperative and postoperative levels of VEGF were estimated for all subjects. Blood samples were obtained from all cases both preoperatively and postoperatively (four weeks after surgery). Blood samples of 100 age and sex matched healthy controls were collected from the Outpatient Departments of SKIMS to establish normal serum VEGF levels. Conclusion:Our findings show that serum VEGF levels are higher as the tumor stage progresses and tumor size increases, which explains the lower serum VEGF levels observed by us in the operable patient group.

Background: Measurement of postoperative pain and postoperative complications will be used to compare the efficiency of a local anesthetic to regional anesthesia in treating simple inguinal hernias, as well as to determine if local anesthesia may be used for short-stay surgery.Material & Methods: Randomization into the study and control groups was done for 120 patients with primary, uncomplicated inguinal hernias who were hospitalised to the Department of General Surgery. Hernioplasty was performed under local anesthesia in the study group and spinal anesthesia in the control group. The intraoperative, immediate postoperative, and delayed postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. Results: Hernia repair can be performed under local or spinal anesthesia on a short-stay basis, however, spinal anesthesia has more complications than local anesthesia While local consequences like seroma, hematoma, scrotal edema, and recurrence were similar in both groups, there is a considerable rise in general complications including hypotension, urine retention, and headache under spinal anesthesia. Conclusion:Local anesthesia is with less immediate post-operative complication, best suitable for short stay surgery when compared to spinal anesthesia. When short stay service is implemented there will be considerable savings to hospital service and to the patients.

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