Background: Recognition of human milk glycans (HMGs) by lectins, antibodies, and pathogens is poorly understood. Results: Microarrays of isolated HMGs exhibited specific binding to proteins and pathogens. Conclusion: HMG microarray interrogation and novel metadata-assisted glycan sequencing provide a functional glycomics approach to discovering HMG function. Significance: HMGs represent a potential "liquid innate immune system" that is specifically recognized by antibodies and pathogens.

No abstract

No abstract

Background: An ever increasing number of artificial intelligence (AI) models targeting healthcare applications are developed and published every day, but their use in real world decision making is limited. Beyond a quantitative assessment, it is important to have qualitative evaluation of the maturity of these publications with additional details related to trends in type of data used, type of models developed across the healthcare spectrum. Methods: We assessed the maturity of selected peer-reviewed AI publications pertinent to healthcare for 2019 to 2021. For the report, the data collection was performed by PubMed search using machine learning OR artificial intelligence AND Healthcare with the English language and human subject research as of December 31, each year. All three years selected were manually classified into 34 distinct medical specialties. We used the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) neural networks model to identify the maturity level of research publications based on their abstracts. We further classified a mature publication based on the healthcare specialty and geographical location of the article's senior author. Finally, we manually annotated specific details from mature publications, such as model type, data type, and disease type. Results: Of the 7062 publications relevant to AI in healthcare from 2019 to 2021, 385 were classified as mature. In 2019, 6.01 percent of publications were mature. 7.7 percent were mature in 2020, and 1.81 percent of publications were mature in 2021. Radiology publications had the most mature model publications across all specialties over the last three years, followed by pathology in 2019, ophthalmology in 2020, and gastroenterology in 2021. Geographical pattern analysis revealed a non-uniform distribution pattern. In 2019 and 2020, the United States ranked first with a frequency of 22 and 50, followed by China with 20 and 47. In 2021, China ranked first with 17 mature articles, followed by the United States with 11 mature articles. Imaging based data was the primary source, and deep learning was the most frequently used modeling technique in mature publications. Interpretation: Despite the growing number of publications of AI models in healthcare, only a few publications have been found to be mature with a potentially positive impact on healthcare. Globally, there is an opportunity to leverage diverse datasets and models across the health spectrum, to develop more mature models and related publications, which can fully realize the potential of AI to transform healthcare.