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Four isomers of carbazol-9-yl-substituted 1,2-diphenylbenzimidazole at 7, 6, 5, and 4 positions, named as 1-CbzBiz, 2-CbzBiz, 3-CbzBiz, and 4-CbzBiz, respectively, have been synthesized. Instead of having an identical molecular weight, the CbzBiz’s have their glass transition temperatures (T g) spanning a large range from 53 to 90 °C. Their T g and melting point (T m) basically obey the Boyer–Kauzmann rule (T g = g·T m with g ≈ 0.7) on the absolute temperature scale (in kelvins). However, while 1-CbzBiz and 4-CbzBiz demonstrate a small g value of 0.66, which is significantly smaller than other common organic glass molecules, 3-CbzBiz shows an unexpectedly high g value of 0.73, implying higher intermolecular interactions in the glass. These CbzBiz’s are suitable hosts for bis­[2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)­pyridinato-C 2,N]­(picolinato)­iridium­(III) (FIrpic) in phosphorescence organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs). The optimized PhOLED of indium tin oxide/4,4′-cyclohexylidenebis­[N,N-bis­(4-methylphenyl)­benzenamine]/4Cbz/4-CbzBiz-FIrpic­(15%)/diphenylbis­(4-(pyridin-3-yl)­phenyl)­silane/LiF–Al shows a maximum brightness of 18 760 cd/m2, a current efficiency of 64.1 cd/A, and the external quantum efficiency of 30.9%.

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Purpose – This study aims to probe into the effect of tourists’ novelty-seeking on situation involvement and satisfaction for the Yanshuei Fireworks Festival in Taiwan. Design/methodology/approach – This study investigated 302 tourists participating in the Fireworks Festival and constructed causal relations among variables by structural equation modeling. Findings – The results suggested that when tourists’ novelty-seeking in fireworks festival is stronger, their situation involvement in the activity will be immediately enhanced. When fireworks festival participants’ situation involvement is higher, their satisfaction is also higher. Situation involvement has a complete mediating effect between novelty-seeking and satisfaction. Research limitations/implications – Because the fireworks festival only lasts for 48 hours, and the subjects must be tourists who have just experienced fireworks, it can only adopt convenience sampling instead of random sampling. However, to avoid homogeneity, in each group, this study only selected one person for the questionnaire survey. Practical implications – First, they should enhance the designed activities to create novelty; for instance, design the instruction and practice of the manufacturing of fireworks. By explanation, they enhance tourists’ learning about the display of fireworks and folk religion to satisfy participants with different degrees of novelty-seeking. Second, they can enhance the construction of situations for playfulness. For instance, upon the condition of security, the units can allow tourists to arrange fireworks independently or by group to have more fun. In addition, every year, they can display fireworks according to the Chinese Zodiac symbols to satisfy tourists’ desire of novelty-seeking and enhance their satisfaction. Originality/value – From the perspective of theoretical development, this study explores and validates the mediating effects of tourists’ situation involvement in festivals between novelty-seeking and satisfaction to fill the gap of previous research.